The hemilabile chiral C2 symmetrical bidentate substituted amide ligands (1R,2R)-5(a-d) and (1S,2S)-6(a-d) were synthesized in quantitative yield from (1R,2R)-(+)-3-methylenecyclo-propane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid (1R,2R)-3 and (1S,2S)-(-)-3-methylene-cyclopropane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid (1S,2S)-3, in two steps, respectively. The chiral Feist's acids (1R,2R)-3 and (1S,2S)-3 were obtained in good isom...

Blocked designs are useful in experiments. The general minimum lower order confounding (GMC) is an elaborate criterion which was proposed for selecting optimal fractional factorial designs. Zhang and Mukerjee (2009b) extended the GMC criterion to the B-GMC criterion for selecting a 2n−m : 2r design, where 2n−m : 2r denotes a two-level regular blocked design withN = 2n−m runs, n treatment factor...

The design and synthesis of chiral phosphane ligands have played a significant role in the development of efficient transition metal catalyzed reactions. Catalytic asymmetric hydrogenation, as one of the most practical and efficient methods for the synthesis of chiral building blocks, has attracted much attention in both academia and industry.[1] Although excellent enantioselectivities have bee...

Brevinin-2R is a novel non-hemolytic defensin that was isolated from the skin of the frog Rana ridibunda. It exhibits preferential cytotoxicity towards malignant cells, including Jurkat (T-cell leukemia), BJAB (B-cell lymphoma), HT29/219, SW742 (colon carcinomas), L929 (fibrosarcoma), MCF-7 (breast adenocarcinoma), A549 (lung carcinoma), as compared to primary cells including peripheral blood m...

Warm-up. It is an easy exercise to prove that for all A we have RigA(r) ≤ (n− r)2. This is nearly tight by a direct counting argument: Valiant [Val77, Theorem 6.4] proves that RigA(r) is at least about (n− r)2/ log n for a random A (and all fields F). This shows that rigid matrices exist in great numbers—however, as always, the challenge is to exhibit an explicit such matrix. Currently, the bes...

Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) regulates energy homeostasis via effects on nutrient absorption and maintenance of gut mucosal epithelial integrity. The biological actions of GLP-2 in the central nervous system (CNS) remain poorly understood. We studied the sites of endogenous GLP-2 receptor (GLP-2R) expression, the localization of transgenic LacZ expression under the control of the mouse GLP-2...

IL-15 is critical for natural killer (NK)–cell development and function and for memory CD8 T-cell homeostasis. The IL-15 receptor consists of IL-15R , IL-2R , and the common cytokine receptor chain ( c). IL-15R is known to “trans-present” IL-15 to an IL-2R / c heterodimeric receptor on responding cells to initiate signaling. To investigate the importance of the IL-15R cytoplasmic domain, we gen...

OBJECTIVE The present study was conducted to investigate whether the serum levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6), soluble IL-2 receptor (sIL-2R) and sIL-6R are associated with the morphological appearance of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS Using the ELISA technique we measured the IL-6, sIL-2R and sIL-6R concentrations in the serum of 34 patients with RA and 28 patients with osteoarthritis (OA). ...

Signaling through the interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) contributes to T-cell tolerance by controlling three important aspects of regulatory T-cell (Treg) biology. IL-2 is essential for thymic Treg development and regulates Treg homeostasis and suppressive function. Analogous to activated conventional T lymphocytes, IL-2R signaling also plays an important part in Treg cell growth, survival, and ef...

lnterleukin-2 (IL-2) induces differential secretion of lymphokines by li-2 receptor (li-2R)-positive and lL-2Rnegative T cells. We studied T cell lL-2R-specific modulation of adult bone marrow erythropoiesis by recombinant lL-2 (rli-2). li-2R were induced by CD3 T cell surface determinant-triggering and analyzed by cytofluorography. Bone marrow monocyte and T cell-depleted (NAB-T) target cells ...