When two sequential targets (T1, T2) are inserted in an RSVP stream of distractors, perception of T2 is impaired at intertarget lags shorter than 700 msec. Paradoxically, this deficit disappears when T2 is presented directly after T1 (lag-1 sparing). Visser, Bischof, and Di Lollo (1999) found that lag-1 sparing occurs only when T1 and T2 are presented in the same stream. In contrast, Shih (2000...

The attentional blink (AB) effect demonstrates that when participants are instructed to report two targets presented in a rapid visual stimuli stream, the second target (T2) is often unable to be reported correctly if presented 200-500 msec after the onset of the first target (T1). However, if T2 is presented immediately after T1, in the conventional lag-1 position (100-msec stimulus onset asyn...

Lemon balm and dandelion are commonly used medicinal herbs exhibiting numerous pharmacological activities that beneficial for human health. In this study, we explored the protective effects of a 2:1 (w/w) mixture lemon extracts (MLD) on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced acute liver injury in mice. CCl4 (0.5 mL/kg; i.p.) injection inhibited body weight gain increased relative weight. Pre-admin...

Accumulating evidence suggests that orally ingested lactoferrin protects against inflammation. To assess the efficacy of orally administered bovine lactoferrin (bLF) against hepatitis and to identify the underlying mechanism, in the present study, we used four mouse models of hepatitis induced by d-galactosamine (GalN), carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), GalN plus lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and zymosan...

The present study deals with the effect of herbal powder of Vernonia cinerea and Cuminum cyminum on tissue defense system against CCl4 (carbon tetrachloride) induced hepatic injury in rats. CCl4 diluted with liquid paraffin oil (1:1 ratio) in a dose of 1ml / kg body wt was given intraperitoneally for 2 days. Herbal powder as a suspension of water (10mg / 100g body wt / day) was administered ora...

Abhrak bhasma is a commonly used ayurvedic drug against many diseases including hepatitis. It is tested in albino rats using a model of hepatitis induced by a single dose of CCl4 (3 ml/kg body wt). Different doses of abhrak bhasma (10, 20, 30 and 40 mg/kg body wt) were tested to decide the dose related hepatoprotective efficacy. The centrolobular necrosis induced by single dose of CCl4 was redu...

The Styela clava tunic (SCT) is known as a good raw material for preparing anti-inflammatory compounds, wound healing films, guided bone regeneration, and food additives. To investigate whether ethanol extracts of the SCT (EtSCT) could protect against hepatic injury induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in ICR mice, alterations in serum biochemical indicators, histopathology, hepatic apoptosis...

In India, a number of medicinal plants and their formulations are used to cure hepatic disorders in traditional systems of medicine. No systemic study has been done on protective effect of Cucumis trigonus Roxb. (Cucurbitaceae) to treat hepatic diseases. Protective action of C. trigonus fruit extracts was evaluated in this study in animal model of hepatotoxicity, which was induced by carbon tet...

Pien Tze Huang Gan Bao (PZH‑GB), a traditional Chinese medicine, has been used for thousands of years as a protective remedy effective against liver injury induced by excessive alcohol and smoking. The present study aimed to evaluate the protective effects and potential mechanisms of PZH‑GB against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)‑induced hepatic injury. Rats were pre‑treated with silymarin (50 mg/k...