Most electrophysiologists generally do not speak highly of leak currents. In reality, these conductances represent a crucial functional mechanism by which neurons control resting membrane potentials. A new study in Cell by Lu et al. has surprisingly confirmed the identity of the long-sought voltage-insensitive sodium leak conductance to be encoded by the third branch of the voltage-gated sodium...

Bioimpedance, themeasurement of the frequency-dependent resistance to the flow of low energy electrical currents between two electrodes on or within the body, has been investigated for various medical applications for over 50 years. Applications in cardiology date back to at least 1966 and have included attempts to estimate stroke volume, cardiac output, cardiac contractility and lung fluid vol...

ion rule Fusion of equivalent nets rule Elimination of self-loop transition rule Fig. 8. Reset Reduction rules (Please note that the figure does not capture all the requirements for some rules (i.e., if a transition cannot have a reset arc (double-headed arc) or a place cannot be reset, the figure will not show this.)

This article addresses a paradox surrounding psychosocial maturity and self-actualizing in relation to well-being. Several stage theories of maturity (notably ego development; Loevinger, 1976) culminate in self-actualizing, which Maslow (1968) characterizes as the pinnacle of psychological health and well-being. However, empirical measures of maturity and well-being do not correlate. In a reana...