OBJECTIVES Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria have an important role in nosocomial infections. Due to the limited availability of information about the molecular epidemiology of ESBL producing bacteria in Mashhad, we decided to investigate about TEM, CTX and SHV ESBLs among urinary Escherichia coli isolates in Mashhad, a city in northeast Iran. MATERIALS AND METHODS On...

BACKGROUND Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) is a chronic and common disease, which is characterized by heartburn and regurgitation. In the last couple of decades, GERD has received much attention and studies have shown an increase in its prevalence. Although there have been a few studies on the prevalence of GERD in Iran, no study has yet been done in the northeastern part of the country....

BACKGROUND Iran has one of the lowest alcoholic beverage use rates in comparison with other countries, because it is legally forbidden and because of religious beliefs. Even so, unrecorded and noncommercial alcohol remains a considerable concern, which needs special attention. OBJECTIVES In the current research, we have studied the general composition of noncommercial alcohol samples to ident...

BACKGROUND/AIM Several types of the hepatitis C virus (HCV), with variations in different parts of the genome, have been isolated from different regions of the world. Based on heterogenic sequences in the isolated genome, HCV is classified into different genotypes and subtypes. Data on distribution of HCV genotypes in a certain region could be important to patient management. Therefore, this st...

Article Type: Original Article Introduction: There is a direct relationship between the quality of root canal obturation and success of endodontic therapy. The aim of the present study was to assess the quality of canal obturation performed by undergraduate dental students at the Faculty of Dentistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Materials and Methods: Records of 200 e...

Back ground: Urinary tract infection is one of the most common bacterial infections in pediatric group. Over the last decades the management of children with febrile urinary tract infection has become quite controversial. Although different guidelines had been designed to determine high risk cases, there is no global Consensus about imaging and follow up. In this chapter the author aim to discu...

The cordon pricing scheme is an efficient measure to untie congestion and environmental problems in urban metropolitan areas. Since March of 2007, Mashhad has implemented a restricted Central Business District (CBD) Zone as a seasonal congestion management program. The primary goal of the Mashhad cordon scheme is to reduce traffic congestion throughout the CBD. This paper describes the main fea...