abstract u.s. attack to afghanistan after 9/11 provided opportunities for us who tried to become the dominant power after collapse of ussr and bipolar world. thinkers like fukuyama believed american liberal democrats thought would be universally accepted without resistances. liberal democracy is the best and final model of governance; in this regard, united state has moral responsibilities for...

the rise and stublishment of safavid dynasty was depend on triangle of tasavof, tashayo and royalty, kings legitimized their power upon these. therefore for the understanding the functions of that period we must explore the role of this elements. although application and emphsise upon dignities such as; complete mentor (morshede kamel), deputy of absent imam (nayebe imame ghayeb), and god’s sha...

In addition to the numerous goals mentioned for Albums Prefaces, they were also an opportunity for writers and artists to defend the existence of art and artist. The present study tries to pay attention to this part of the albums prefaces and answer the question that what methods did the authors of the albums prefaces in the Tīmūrīd and Safavīd periods use to legitimize art? The purpose of this...

This paper explores a basic architectural model regarding spatial organization and planning in Iranian historical architecture, named herein as the “central space model,” which can be found in numerous historical buildings such as tombs and garden pavilions. This paper aims to determine the architectural features of this model and demonstrate its capacity in taking various functions...

The present article is a kind of field and historical research accomplished based on available historical and imagery sources aiming at clarifying the changes that have been taken place in patterns and designs of mentally-woven mazlagan carpet and its patterns and motifs categorization in recent century. In addition to the historical investigation based on written and unwritten sources, a field...

One of the important (effective) factor in architecture body is paying Attention to the ornament which is shaped by geometrical patterns. This physical element has been used in different part of the building and has created beautiful designs. The creation of beauty in ornament is also because of criterions which were effective in pattern formation. This recognizing and influencing them in as on...