A recent study of plasma neutralization breadth in HIV-1 infected individuals at nine International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) sites reported that viral load, HLA-A*03 genotype, and subtype C infection were strongly associated with the development of neutralization breadth. Here, we refine the findings of that study by analyzing the impact of the transmitted/founder (T/F) envelope (Env), ea...

The use of ram horn hydrolysate (RHH) as a substrate for lactic acid production was investigated using Lactobacillus casei. For this purpose, first RHH was produced. Ram horns were hydrolyzed by treating with acids (6N-H2SO4 and 6N-HCl) and neutralizing the solutions. The amounts of protein, nitrogen, ash, some minerals, total sugars, total lipids and amino acids of the RHH were determined. The...

LTHOUGH A VAST AMOUNT OF LITERATURE has been published in recent years on the subject of hyaluronic acid and hyaluronidase, owing to the importance of a biologic function which has been ascribed to these two substances, no satisfactory method yet exists for the determination of minute quantities of hyaluronic acid or other mucopolysaccharides. Various mucopolysaccharides form stable dispersions...

When scientists identified Helicobacter pylori as an infectious agent responsible for peptic ulcer disease, it completely transformed our understanding of the microbiology and pathology of the human stomach. That was in 1982. Before then, "no acid, no ulcer" succinctly described the accepted medical paradigm: stomach ulcers occurred when excess acid damaged the gastric mucosa, and treatment sho...

Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) is characterized by acute enteritis, watery diarrhea, weight loss, dehydration, and death with high mortality in neonatal piglets. In this study, 3 virus isolates collected Vietnam between 2016 2017 were successfully propagated Vero cells at titers. Sequence analysis of the full-length spike (S) gene revealed that all belong to genogroup 2a, which closely related...

Exposure of isolated bovine neutrophils to partially purified Pasteurella haemolytica leukotoxin caused increased synthesis of leukotriene B4 (LTB4) but not thromboxane B2 (TXB2) from endogenous arachidonic acid. Synthesis of LTB4 was closely correlated with leukotoxin-induced neutrophil lysis. At low toxin concentrations, LTB4 production lagged behind leukotoxin-induced neutrophil lysis over a...

Acid-vulnerable areas are more numerous and widespread than believed 7 years ago. Lakes and streams in acid-vulnerable areas of northeastern North America have suffered substantial declines in acid-neutralizing capacity, the worst cases resulting in biological damage. Many invertebrates are very sensitive to acidification, with some disappearing at pH values as high as 6.0. However, the recent ...

Pyrite and calcite are mineral phases that play a major role in acid neutral mine drainage processes. However, the prediction of (AMD) or contaminated (CND) requires knowledge composition mining waste related potential for element release. This paper studies combination acid–base neutralizing capacity (ANC–BNC) with geochemical modeling characterization AMD CND. The proposed approach is validat...