The toxic action of wheat gluten on two patients was eliminated after predigestion of gluten by crude papain. This change is thought to be due to an enzyme which liberates ammonia from gluten. It is not thought that this particular mechanism operates in the normal intestinal cell but it is envisaged that one of the peptide bonds of the coeliac active constituent (possibly a N-glutaminyl peptide...

Inhaled substances can modify behavior by their toxic action, or because they are discriminable events, or because they can support or suppress behavior. They can be used as discriminative stimuli at concentrations above the olfactory threshold. Inhalants can elicit unconditioned reflexes. As aversive stimuli, they can be studied in respondent conditioning experiments (e.g. conditioned suppress...

We consider two types of speciications of reactive systems: requirement speciication which lists properties the system should satisfy, and System speciica-tion which describes the response of the system to each incoming input. Some of the diierences between these two styles of speciication are analyzed with the conclusion that both types are needed in an orderly system development. Traditionall...

This chapter provides a review and evaluation of the literature pertinent to joint toxic action of the mixture and its components. The text is generally organized so that human data are presented first, and studies are grouped by route, and by endpoint where that is feasible. In Section 2.2, summary tables are provided at the end of each section on the binary mixtures. The tables are designed t...

We study the semantics and refinement of mobile objects, considering an extension of core UML state machines by primitives that designate the location of objects and their moves within a network. Our contribution is twofold: first, we formalize the semantics of state machines in MTLA, an extension of Lamport’s Temporal Logic of Actions with spatial modalities. Second, we study refinement concep...

In this article I reviewed the status of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), used for disease vector control, and its benefits and risks in relation to the available alternatives. Contemporary data on DDT use were obtained from questionnaires and reports as well as a Scopus search to retrieve published articles. Nearly 14 countries use DDT for disease control, and several others are reintrod...

In this paper, we study the predicative semantics of different temporal logics and the relationships between them. We use a notation called generic composition to simplify the manipulation of predicates. The modalities of possibility and necessity become generic composition and its inverse of converse respectively. The relationships between different temporal logics are also characterised as su...

Implementation of formal techniques to aid the design and implementation of workflow management systems (WfMS) is still required. We believe that formal methods can be applied in the field of properties demonstration of a workflow specification. This paper develops a formalization of the workflow paradigm based on communication (speech-act theory) by using a temporal logic, namely, the Temporal...

Oakley, Warrack & Clarke (1947) demonstrated the existence in culture filtrates of various strains of Clostridium oedematiens of six antigens, designated as ac, P, y, 8, e and 4. The ac-antigen is produced by both type A and type B strains and is the main lethal agent in Cl. oedematien8 toxic filtrates. Its biochemical action is unknown, but one of its physiological effects is that of a capilla...

cTLA+ is a compositional specification and verification technique which is based on Leslie Lamport’s Temporal Logic of Actions TLA. cTLA+ supports modular process type definitions and the composition of processes to systems. Processes can model components of an implementation. Moreover, they can represent modular logical constraints. Constraint-oriented structures of system specifications are o...