background: the frequency of the multi-drug resistance 1 (mdr1) gene c3435t polymorphism differs in various ethnical populations such as asian, african, and caucasians populations. a silent c3435t polymorphism in exon 26 of mdr1 has been reported to be associated with a decreased expression of p-gp in tt genotypes carriers compared with cc genotypes carriers. materials and methods: to evaluate ...

results analysis of the essential oil revealed the presence of pulegone (68.59%) piperitone (7.8%), piperitenone (7.8%), 1, 8-cineole (1.3%), and carvacrol (1.6%) as the major components. the results showed a significant activity against mdr a. baumannii with inhibition zones and minimal inhibitory concentration values in the ranges of 7-15 mm and 20-35 µl/ml respectively. conclusions this inve...

background: human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) makes infected cases prone to opportunistic infections like tuberculosis (tb) due to impaired immunity of the body, especially multi drug resistant (mdr) ones which are a major concern. with hiv outbreak starting late in the 20th century, the international health community is observing a huge rise in the incidence of this complex disease. herein, w...

abstract background and objective: streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common cause of acquired bacterial infections in the respiratory system. in recent years, a high incidence of pneumococcal resistance to different antibiotics has also been appeared. this study was conducted to evaluate the in vivo and in vitro resistance of pneumococcal pneumonia to ceftriaxone, azithromycin and co-amoxicl...

introduction: extended spectrum beta-lactamase (esbl) producing escherichia coli generate a major problem for clinical therapeutics and epidemiological study. the incidence of esbl producing strains among clinical isolates has been steadily increasing during the past few years, and remains an important cause of failure of therapy with cephalosporins. the aim of this study was to determine the a...

human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) protease inhibitors comprise an important class of drugs used in hiv treatments. however, mutations of protease genes accelerated by low fidelity of reverse transcriptase yield drug resistant mutants of reduced affinities for the inhibitors. this problem is considered to be a serious barrier against hiv treatment for the foreseeable future. in this st...

Antivirals play an important role in the prevention and treatment of influenza infections, particularly in high-risk or severely ill patients. Two classes of influenza antivirals have been available in many countries over the last decade (2004-2013), the adamantanes and the neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs). During this period, widespread adamantane resistance has developed in circulating influen...

Drug/gene transportation systems with stimuli-responsive release behaviors are becoming research hotspots in biochemical and biomedical fields. In this work, a glucose-responsive supramolecular nanocluster was successfully constructed by the intermolecular complexation of phenylboronic acid modified β-cyclodextrin with adamantane modified polyethylenimine, which could be used as a biocompatible...