The suppression of spontaneous motor impulses is an essential facet of cognitive control that is linked to frontal-BG circuitry. BG dysfunction caused by Parkinson disease (PD) disrupts the proficiency of action suppression, but how pharmacotherapy for PD impacts impulsive motor control is poorly understood. Dopamine agonists improve motor symptoms of PD but can also provoke impulsive-compulsiv...

in this investigation wer studied the effect of dopaminergic system on the conflict behavior in rat, using vogel’s test. the related drugs were injected intraperitonealy (ip), and produced the following results:diazepam at doses of 0.5 and 1 mg/kg increased the lick –shock responses in the vogel’s thest. quinpirole (d2-agnosit), at doses of 0.1 and 10 mg/kg, increased the confict responses, whe...

BACKGROUND General concern is that the pregnancy rate is higher with GnRH-agonist as a protocol of pituitary suppression. GnRH-antagonist protocol provides a shorter period of administration and an easy flexible protocol. OBJECTIVE In this study, the outcomes of GnRH agonist and antagonist in ICSI cycles are compared in normo responder patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this randomized clin...

Functional electrical stimulation (FES) is considered an effective technique for aiding quadriplegic persons. However, the human musculoskeletal system has highly non-linearity and redundancy. It is thus difficult to stably and accurately control limbs using FES. In this paper, we propose a simple FES method that is consistent with the motion-control mechanism observed in humans. We focus on jo...

The theoretical basis for analyzing the effects of an allosteric modulator on the response to an agonist is described. The effects of an allosteric modulator on the concentration-response curve to an agonist can be attributed to changes in the observed dissociation constant and intrinsic efficacy of the agonist-receptor complex. Each of these two changes can be represented by a coefficient or f...

Arrival of agonist is generally thought to initiate the signal transduction process in G protein-receptor coupled systems. However, the muscarinic atrial K+ (K+[ACh]) channel opens spontaneously in the absence of applied agonist, giving a noisy appearance to the current records. We investigated the nature and origin of the noise by measuring single channel currents in cell-attached or excised, ...

N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are ligand-gated ion channels assembled from GluN1 and GluN2 subunits. We used a series of N-hydroxypyrazole-5-glycine (NHP5G) partial agonists at the GluN2 glutamate binding site as tools to study activation of GluN1/GluN2A and GluN1/GluN2D NMDA receptor subtypes. Using two-electrode voltage-clamp electrophysiology, fast-application patch-clamp, and single...

The authors review the opioid literature for evidence of increased analgesia and reduced adverse side effects by combining mu-opioid-receptor (MOR) agonists, kappa-opioid-receptor (KOR) agonists, and nonselective low-dose-opioid antagonists (LD-Ant). We tested fentanyl (MOR agonist) and spiradoline (KOR agonist), singly and combined, against somatic and visceral pain models. Combined agonists i...