In this issue of Clinical Cancer Research , Bayliss et al. (1) report that inhibiting inherent p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity in estrogen receptor (ER) a–negative breast cancer established cell lines, and in ex vivo tissue and primary cultures of human ER-negative breast tumors, frequently results in re-expression of ER as well as in recovery of tumor cell responsivenes...

BACKGROUND ICRU 50/62 provides a framework to facilitate the reporting of external beam radiotherapy treatments from different institutions. A predominant role is played by points that represent "the PTV dose". However, for new techniques like Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy (IMRT) - especially step and shoot IMRT - it is difficult to define a point whose dose can be called "characteristic" of...

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women. Several risk factors such as age, family history of breast cancer, marital status, early menarche and late menopause are related to breast cancer. Obesity is also a main health problem associated with breast cancer incidence and subsequent mortality. Association between obesity and expansion of breast cancer may be due to excessive sex steroid h...

Phosphoinositol phosphatases are important regulators of signaling pathways relevant to both diabetes and cancer. A 3'-phosphoinositol phosphatase, phosphatase homologous to tensin (PTEN), is both a tumor suppressor and a negative regulator of insulin action. A 5'-phosphoinositol phosphatase, SH2-containing 5'-inositol phosphatase (SHIP2), regulates insulin signaling and its genetic knockout pr...

OBJECTIVE To assess the role of sonography as an adjunct to mammography in women with dense breast tissue by determining yield and validity of sonography using histopathology/follow-up mammography as gold standard. METHODS It was a descriptive analytical study conducted at the Radiology Department of Aga Khan University Hospital, from September 2005 to April 2007. A total of 76, mammographica...

Hamartoma is a local malformation resulting from faulty development in an organ. It was first described breast 1971 by Arrigoni et al and its occurrence very rare. This tumor composed of lobules admixed with fibrous tissue fibroadipose tissue. Myoid hamartoma, also called as muscular hamartoma , smooth muscle cells addition to ducts, lobules, stroma. Here, we report case myoid which occurred 53...

AIMS AND BACKGROUND The aim of surveys on clinical practice is to stimulate discussion and optimize practice. In this paper the current Italian radiotherapy practice after breast-conserving surgery for early breast cancer is described and adherence to national and international guidelines is assessed. Furthermore, results are compared with an earlier survey in northern Italy and international r...

Background &Objective;: Breast cancer is the most common female malignancy. Detection of DNA of human papillomaviruses (HPVs) in breast carcinomas suggests that the virus may play a role in the pathogenesis of this disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of HPVs genotypes 6, 11, 16, 18 and 31 in paraffin-embedded tissue samples of invasive breast carcinomas. Me...