one of the major classes of ionotropic glutamate receptors is the class of n-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (nmdars). receptor activation recruits, via calcium signal transduction mechanisms which play important roles in oxidative metabolism, mitochondrial free radical production and occurrence of other mitochondrial factors which potentially contribute to excitotoxicity and neuronal death. in...

B16 melanoma F10 (B16-F10) cells with high glutathione (GSH) content show high metastatic activity in vivo. An intertissue flow of GSH, where the liver is the main reservoir, can increase GSH content in metastatic cells and promote their growth. We have studied here possible tumorderived molecular signals that could activate GSH release from hepatocytes. GSH efflux increases in hepatocytes isol...

The contribution of glutathione (GSH) in stress tolerance, defense response and antioxidant signaling is an established fact. In this study transcriptome analysis of pad2.1, an Arabidopsis thaliana mutant, after combined osmotic and cold stress treatment has been performed to explore the intricate position of GSH in the stress and defense signaling network in planta. Microarray data revealed th...

Although quantum dot (QD)-induced toxicity occurs due to free radicals, generation of oxidative stress mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation is considered an important mechanism. However, free radical mechanisms are essentially difficult to elucidate at the molecular level because most biologically relevant free radicals are highly reactive and short-lived, making them difficult t...

BACKGROUND Alcohol abuse is a systemic disorder. The deleterious health effects of alcohol consumption may result in irreversible organ damage. By contrast, there currently is little evidence for the toxicity of chronic alcohol use on lung tissue. Hence, in this study we investigated long term effects of ethanol in the lung. RESULTS Though body weight of rats increased significantly with dura...

Glutathione (y-Glu-CysH-Gly) (GSH)' is widely distributed in animal tissues, plants, and microorganisms.' It is typically present in high (0.1-10 mM) levels and is thus both the most prevalent cellular thiol and the most abundant low molecular weight peptide. In many cells GSH accounts for more than 90% of the total nonprotein sulfur. GSH was recognized 100 years ago, and its structure was esta...

Fifty years ago the dogma prevailed that alcohol was not toxic to the liver and that alcoholic liver disease was exclusively a consequence of nutritional deficiencies. We showed, however, that liver pathology developed even in the absence of malnutrition. This toxicity of alcohol was linked to its metabolism via alcohol dehydrogenase which converts nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) to nic...

BACKGROUND The glucose degradation products (GDP) presentin conventional peritoneal dialysis fluids (PDF) may exert adverse effects toward human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HPMC). Some GDP can be detoxified by the glyoxalase/ glutathione pathway. It has been shown that the addition of glyoxalase I (GLO-I) and reduced glutathione (GSH) to PDF effectively eliminates GDP. We have therefore exami...

Neurons rely on the release and subsequent cleavage of GSH to cysteinylglycine (CysGly) by astrocytes in order to maintain optimal intracellular GSH levels. In neurodegenerative diseases characterised by oxidative stress, neurons need an optimal GSH supply to defend themselves against free radicals released from activated microglia and astroglia. The rate of GSH synthesis is controlled largely ...