‎a new method for the defuzzification of fuzzy numbers is developed in this paper. it is well-known, defuzzification methods allow us to find aggregative crisp numbers or crisp set for fuzzy numbers. but different fuzzy numbers are often converted into one crisp number. in this case the loss of essential information is possible. it may result in inadequate final conclusions, for example, expert...

life is full of harmony and contrast and combining contrasting forms is a large part of human thinking. everything in the universe tends to have a contrasting opposite. many researchers have studied these contrasts. the ode “lamiyyat al-'arab”, attributed to shanfara, is a traditional poem full of contradictory concepts. the present researchers examined these opposing concepts in this ode ...

One of the most remarkable basis of the gravity data inversion is the recognition of sharp boundaries between an ore body and its host rocks during the interpretation step. Therefore, in this work, it is attempted to develop an inversion approach to determine a 3D density distribution that produces a given gravity anomaly. The subsurface model consists of a 3D rectangular prisms of known sizes ...

The goal of these experiments was to define the time course and degree of cone adaptation in primate outer retina by use of probe stimuli upon temporally modulated backgrounds. Recordings were obtained from primate horizontal cells. Test probes were either a low-amplitude, high-frequency sinusoid superimposed on a slowly modulated background or small test pulses superimposed on backgrounds of v...

In Guinaang Bontok, there is a phonological contrast between singletons and geminates in all consonants (/p t k / b d gm n N l s w j/) (Reid 1963, 1973; Thurgood 1997). All phonological geminates except for the oral voiced stop geminates are phonetically long consonants (Reid 1963), allowing a phonological distinction which is primarily based on phonetic duration for nasals, fricatives, liquids...

Color vision is not uniform across the retina because of differences in photoreceptor density and distribution. Retinal areas with a high density of cone photoreceptors may overlap with those with a high density of ganglion cells, increasing hue discrimination. However, there are some exceptions to this cell distribution pattern, particularly in species with horizontal visual streaks (bands of ...