In the broadest sense of the word alternation refers to any experimental procedure in which one stimulus elicits different responses depending on the ordinal number of the trial. The simplest form of alternation , which may be called " simple alternation'', is that in which a conditioned stimulus (CS) alternately signals either reinforcement or nonreinforcement in successive trials (i.e., + — t...

The purpose of this study was to analyze the nature of the coordination evolution during the process of learning a gross motor skill. Participants had to learn to oscillate as smoothly as possible on an experimental swing during 10 sessions of 10 trials. Using tools and methods of dynamical systems theory, two qualitatively different coordination modes were observed during learning. The change ...

Mexican political system has advanced in the democratic transition, due to appearance of alternation, which occurred 2000, after a party hegemony at national level for more than 70 years. This research studies electoral competition that post-alternation period country presidential level, through calculation Party Competition Index (ICP), order determine if can be considered as case success tran...

3 monkeys impaired on delayed response and delayed alternation after midlateral frontal lesions, 3 monkeys unimpaired on these tasks after control lesions, and 3 unoperated monkeys were tested on spatial delayed response (with direct baiting) and spatial delayed alternation following 2, 26, and 50 hr. of food deprivation. Increased deprivation improved delayed response performance by all groups...

Background and Objective: Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) usually leads to memory deficit. In this study, we tried to assess the effect of Withania somnifera extract on the impaired learning and memory in the intrahippocampal kainate model of TLE in the rat. Materials & Methods: Male rats (n=32) were divided into sham, extract+sham, kainite, and kainite+extract. For induction of epilepsy, unilate...

For every xed-point expression e of alternation-depth r, we construct a new xed-point expression e 0 of alternation-depth 2 and size O(r jej). Expression e 0 is equivalent to e whenever operators are distributive and the underlying complete lattice has a co-continuous least upper bound. We show that our transformation is optimal not only w.r.t. alternation-depth but also w.r.t. the increase in ...

It is known that the alternation hierarchy of least and greatest fixpoint operators in the μ-calculus is strict. However, the strictness of the alternation hierarchy does not necessarily carry over when considering restricted classes of structures. A prominent instance is the class of infinite words over which the alternation-free fragment is already as expressive as the full μ-calculus. Our cu...

We present a method for automatically acquiring knowledge for case alternation between the passive and active voices in Japanese. By leveraging several linguistic constraints on alternation patterns and lexical case frames obtained from a large Web corpus, our method aligns a case frame in the passive voice to a corresponding case frame in the active voice and finds an alignment between their c...

There are a number of well-known restrictions for the Dative Alternation (cf. Green (1974), Oehrle (1976), Gropen, Pinker, Hollander, & Goldberg (1989), Pinker (1989), Pesetsky (1992), Levin (1993). I will show that several of the low-level semantic restrictions are consequences of a more general one involving the incorporation of a manner component into the meaning of the verb. These restricti...