BACKGROUND Studies of the Spanish Influenza pandemic (1918-1920) provide interesting information that may improve our preparation for present and future influenza pandemic threats. METHODS We studied archives from France, Italy, Spain and Portugal, obtaining high-quality data that allowed us to calculate mortality rates associated with the Spanish flu and to characterize the proportional dist...

Viruses are the scourge of mankind, causing devastating pandemics such as the 1918 Spanish flu and AIDS. This Virology Select highlights new studies that shed light on how viruses invade host cells so efficiently and how they evade the host immune response by stowing away in immune cells or by constantly changing their surface armor. The opening decade of the 21 st century witnessed the first f...

Aarts, Jan, 55, 357 absence, 23, 25 action, fields of, 19, 20 activity type, 120, 151 adaptability, 52 address, direct, 88 adjective, 137 adverb, 137 affect, 94 agency, 13 Ahearn, Laura, 147, 357 Aijmer, Karin, 152, 357 Alavi, Seema, 357 Allport, Gordon, 10, 357 Althusser, L., 8, 10, 199, 357 ambiguity, 122 ambivalence, 24 Ames, Mary Frances, 194, 357 analysis, formal, 118 anaphora, 116 anarchi...

BACKGROUND It is speculated that the 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus might fall into a seasonal pattern during the current post-pandemic period with more severe clinical presentation for high-risk groups identified during the 2009 pandemic. Hence the extent of likely excess healthcare needs during this period must be fully considered. We will make use of the historical healthcare record in T...

Genetic Recombination in the 1918 “Spanish Flu” Virus Influenza viral sequences have been obtained from preserved tissues of victims of the “Spanish flu” pandemic that killed over 20 million people from 1918 to 1919 (1, 2). Phylogenetic analysis of hemagglutinin (HA) gene sequences has indicated that the 1918 Spanish flu virus was more closely related to the human lineage than to the swine or a...

A century ago, the 1918–19 influenza pandemic swept across globe, taking lives of over 50 million people. We use data from Dutch civil registry to show which regions in Netherlands were most affected by pandemic. do so for entire 1918 year as well first, second, and third wave that hit summer 1918, autumn winter 1919. Our analyses excess mortality was highest Oost-Brabant, Zuid-Limburg, Noord-H...

war, the engrossing problems which have followed in its wake, and the epidemic prevalence of influenza on a considerable scale within British shores have so fully occupied our attention that the calamitous happenings in India during 1918 may well have been somewhat obscured. Our minds, inured as it were, to the gigantic events of the past ten years, may have failed to appreciate fully the magni...