The constant demand to scale down transistors and improve device performance has led to material as well as process changes in the formation of IC interconnect. Traditionally, aluminum has been used to form the IC interconnects. The process involved subtractive etching of blanket aluminum as defined by the patterned photo resist. However, the scaling and performance demands have led to transiti...

aluminum sulfate nano structures have been prepared by solution combustion synthesis using aluminum nitrate nonahydrate (al(no3)3.9h2o) and ammonium sulfate ((nh4)2so4). the resultant aluminum sulfate nano structures were calcined at different temperatures to study thermal  decomposition of aluminum sulfate. the crystallinity and phase of  the as-synthesized and calcined samples were characteri...

in the present work, the effect of aluminum content, austenitizing temperature and austempering time and temperature on the mechanical properties and hardness of fe-c-al grey cast iron was investigated. for this purpose, three alloys containing 1, 2 and 4 weight percent of aluminum were provided. the tensile samples were austenitized at 850?c and 900?c for 120 min, followed by austempering proc...

Introduction: The objective of this study was, wastewater quality investigation and removal efficiency of contaminants from the wastewater tile factory by using coagulants includes ferric chloride, ferric sulfate and ferrous, aluminum sulfate and poly aluminum chloride in order to reuse it in the processing line. Methods: This is an applied study. With regard to shiftwork schedules of the facto...

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate appropriate contrast reference values (CRVs) by comparing the contrast in phantom and clinical images. MATERIALS AND METHODS Phantom contrast was measured using two methods: (1) counting the number of visible pits of different depths in an aluminum plate, and (2) obtaining the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) for 5 tissue-equivalent materials ...

Phosphorus (P) runoff from fields fertilized with swine (Sus scrofa domesticus) manure may contribute to eutrophication. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of aluminum sulfate (alum) and aluminum chloride applications to swine manure on P runoff from small plots cropped to tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Shreb.). There were six treatments in this study: (i) unfertilized con...

An equilibrium model for the speciation of Al3+ in normal serum has been developed in which 81% of the aluminum is bound to transferrin. The remaining 19% exists primarily as Al(PO4)(OH)-, with minor amounts of citrate and hydroxide species. The model meets several key criteria. The concentration of free aluminum is below the upper limit set by the solubility product of aluminum phosphate. The ...

We have examined the neurotoxicity of aluminum in humans and animals under various conditions, following different routes of administration, and provide an overview of the various associated disease states. The literature demonstrates clearly negative impacts of aluminum on the nervous system across the age span. In adults, aluminum exposure can lead to apparently age-related neurological defic...

Chronic exposure to high concentrations of fumes during aluminum arc welding causes a severe pneumoconiosis characterized by diffuse pulmonary accumulation of aluminum metal and a corresponding reduction in lung function. Aluminum fume-induced pneumoconiosis is a rarely reported entity, of which the true incidence is unknown. We report the clinical, radiographic, microscopic, and microanalytic ...

Biodegradable aliphatic random copolyesters poly(butylene succinate-co-butylene adipate), PBSA and poly(butylene succinate-co-butylene azelate), PBSAz were synthesized from 1,4 butane diol, succinic acid and adipic acid/azelaic acid through direct melt polycondensation with Titanium Tetra isopropoxide (TTiPO) as a catalyst. These polyesters were characterized by Viscosity measurements, 1H NMR s...