The development of Applied Type System (ATS) [36, 31] stems from an earlier attempt to introduce dependent types into practical programming [38, 37]. While there is already a framework Pure Type System [4] (PTS) that offers a simple and general approach to designing and formalizing type systems, it has been understood that there are some acute problems with PTS that make it difficult to support...

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that cause functional impairment. Recent research indicates that symptoms persist into adulthood in the majority of cases, with prevalence estimates of approximately 5% in the school age population and 2.5%-4% in the adult population. Although...

INTRODUCTION Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a complex neurobehavioral disorder affecting millions of patients worldwide. Effective treatments have been available for more than 60 years in the form of immediate-release (IR) stimulants However, stimulants have a high risk for abuse and are associated with adverse effects Including elevated blood pressure and heart rate, insomn...

Early life stress has effects on behavior and stress reactivity, which are linked to enhanced sensitivity to stimulants in rodents. This study investigated whether rhesus monkeys that experienced early life stress would show altered sensitivity to the reinforcing effects of stimulants as compared with controls. Control (n=5) and maternally separated (n=4) monkeys were trained to self-administer...

Although there is extensive literature about the effects of stimulants on sustained attention tasks in attentional deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), little is known about the effect of these drugs on other attentional tasks involving different neural systems. In this study we measured the effect of stimulants on ADHD children, both in the electroencephalographic (EEG) activity during susta...

Psychostimulants like cocaine and amphetamine are commonly abused by young adults who often state that they take these drugs to increase social or cognitive performance. The current study tested the hypothesis that individuals at early stages of occasional stimulant use show subtle executive dysfunctions such as verbal fluency deficits. 155 young (age 18-25), non-dependent occasional users of s...

A history of sodium depletions has been found to potentiate the psychomotor as well as the rewarding effects of amphetamine, an indirect dopamine agonist. The present experiments were conducted to further define the role of dopamine receptor subtypes in this cross-sensitization effect. Rats with a history of sodium depletions were found to display psychomotor sensitization to a D2 but not a D1 ...

Autotransporters (ATs) belong to a family of modular proteins secreted by the Type V, subtype a, secretion system (T5aSS) and considered as an important source of virulence factors in lipopolysaccharidic diderm bacteria (archetypical Gram-negative bacteria). While exported by the Sec pathway, the ATs are further secreted across the outer membrane via their own C-terminal translocator forming a ...