To determine whether the innervation of taste buds changes during postnatal development, the number of geniculate ganglion cells that innervated single fungiform taste buds were quantified in the tip- and midregions of the tongue of adult and developing rats. There was substantial variation in both the size of individual taste buds and number of geniculate ganglion cells that innervated them. I...

Under normal viewing conditions, retinal ganglion cells transmit to the brain an encoded version of the visual world. The retina parcels the visual scene into an array of spatiotemporal features, and each ganglion cell conveys information about a small set of these features. We study the temporal features represented by salamander retinal ganglion cells by stimulating with dynamic spatially uni...

Responses to flashes and steps of light were recorded intracellularly from rods and horizontal cells, and extracellularly from ganglion cells, in toad eyecups which were either dark adapted or exposed to various levels of background light. The average background intensities needed to depress the dark-adapted flash sensitivity by half in the three cell types, determined under identical condition...

background and aims: stellate ganglion is a sympathic ganglion in the neck area which by effective blocking a lot of chronic pain syndromes at upper limbs, head, neck and chest can be treated. in this study, results of ultrasound-guided stellate ganglion block in 44 patients have been reviewed. methods and material: in this descriptive study, 44 patients candidate for stellate ganglion block du...

Hematoxylin-eosin staining, the TUNEL method for in situ detection of the intranuclear DNA fragmentation, which indicates apoptosis, and electron microscopy were used to study the morphologic changes in specimens from the eyes of 8 patients with secondary glaucoma and 2 normal control eyes to evaluate our hypothesis that apoptosis causes a decrease in retinal ganglion cells in human glaucomatou...

The effect of an intravitreal injection of NMDA on the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in retinal ganglion cells was investigated in rats. Forty-eight hours after intravitreal injection of NMDA retinal ganglion cell BDNF immunoreactivity was practically obliterated, as was the choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunoreactivity associated with a subset of amacrine cells. Ho...

Light-evoked postsynaptic currents (lePSCs) were recorded from ON, OFF and ON-OFF ganglion cells in dark-adapted salamander retinal slices under voltage clamp conditions, and the cell morphology was examined using Lucifer yellow fluorescence with confocal microscopy. The current-voltage relations of the lePSCs in all three types of ganglion cells are approximately linear within the cells' physi...

Thirteenth Annual Vision Research Conference April 30–May 1–2, 2010 Convention Center Ft. Lauderdale, FL The 13th Annual Vision Research Conference, ‘‘Retinal ganglion cells: development, function, and disease’’ was held at the Convention Center at Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, April 30–May 1, 2010. The meeting was very well attended (294 registrations), and 39 invited speakers reviewed the latest d...

Expression of the alpha subunit of type II calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (alphaCamKII) distinguishes the koniocellular neurons of the primate lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) from the primary parvo- and magnocellular neurons, but whether the same neurochemical signature distinguishes the retinal ganglion cells providing them input is not known. We find that, in the retina, alphaCamKII exp...

Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings were made from morphologically identified ganglion cells in the intact retina of developing ferrets. As early as 3 d after birth, all ganglion cells exhibited bursts of spontaneous activity, with the interval between bursts gradually decreasing with maturity. By 2 weeks after birth, ganglion cells could be morphologically differentiated into three major classes...