Current advances in posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction have led to excellent clinical and functional outcomes. It is helpful to review anatomy, cadaver sectioning studies, biomechanical studies, clinical outcome data, and novel surgical techniques for posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, including all-inside reconstructions. Surgeons also should be aware of current controversies ...

BACKGROUND Anatomic double-bundle reconstruction has been thought to better simulate the anterior cruciate ligament anatomy. It is, however, a technically challenging procedure, associated with longer operation time and higher cost. HYPOTHESIS Double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using a single femoral and tibial tunnel can closely reproduce intact knee kinematics. STUDY ...

Combined coronary and perfusion cardiovascular magnetic resonance was performed in three sisters with angina and suspected anomalous coronary arteries. Two sisters had anomalous coronary arteries passing between the aorta and right ventricular outflow tract and had abnormal myocardial perfusion. One sister had normal anatomy and perfusion. The combined approach identified the anatomy and functi...

The results of arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction are so far satisfactory and improving over time as a result of the improved understanding of the anatomy and biomechanics of the ACL. Rotational instability confirmed by a positive pivot shift is present in more than 15% of cases who underwent successful ACL reconstruction. Persistent rotational instability interferes w...

A 63-year-oId man had an episode of unexplained syncope. He had triple-vessel coronary artery disease, a history of an anterior and inferior myocardial infarction, and had undergone a coronary artery bypass operation 3 years earlier. Cardiac catheterizalion demonstraied a left ventricular ejection fraction of 0.17, and patency of all three saphenous vein grafts. An elecuophysiologic test was pe...

Ideal and successful treatment of posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) injuries remains elusive due to its complex anatomy and biomechanics. Historically, the outcome of PCL reconstruction has been inferior as compared with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. The results of reconstruction by various surgical techniques continue to vary in different studies. However, in the last two de...

In earlier work, mathematical models of the urine concentration mechanism were developed incorporating the features of renal anatomy. However, several anatomic observations showed inconsistencies in the modeling representation of the outer stripe (OS) anatomy. In this study, based on observations from comparative anatomy and morphometric studies, we propose a new structural model of outer medul...

Objective To determine whether neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) differed between patients with isolated coronary artery disease (CAD), isolated coronary artery ectasia (CAE), coronary slow flow and normal coronary anatomy. Methods Patients who underwent coronary angiography were consecutively enrolled into one of four groups: CAD, coronary slow flow, CAE and normal coronary anatomy. Results Th...