An element $a$ in a ring $R$ is very clean in case there exists‎ ‎an idempotent $ein R$ such that $ae = ea$ and either $a‎- ‎e$ or $a‎ + ‎e$ is invertible‎. ‎An element $a$ in a ring $R$ is very $J$-clean‎ ‎provided that there exists an idempotent $ein R$ such that $ae =‎ ‎ea$ and either $a-ein J(R)$ or $a‎ + ‎ein J(R)$‎. ‎Let $R$ be a‎ ‎local ring‎, ‎and let $sin C(R)$‎. ‎We prove that $Ain K_...

I read with great interest Schmidt’s article on hog feces that was widely spread by Hurricane Floyd flooding in North Carolina (1). Should not all fecal matter, whether human, hog, poultry, or cattle, be held to the same standard of disposal? Why should municipalities be held to a higher level of waste purification for human fecal matter? Sheldon B. Cohen Psychiatrist (private practice) Atlanta...

Skin hygiene, particularly of the hands, is a primary mechanism for reducing contact and fecal-oral transmission of infectious agents. Widespread use of antimicrobial products has prompted concern about emergence of resistance to antiseptics and damage to the skin barrier associated with frequent washing. This article reviews evidence for the relationship between skin hygiene and infection, the...

Millions of people, most of whom are children in developing countries, die of basic hygiene-related diseases every year. Interventions in hygiene, sanitation and water supply have been shown to control disease burden. Universal access to improved water sources and basic sanitation remains elusive but is an important long-term goal. Studies have shown that improving the microbiological quality o...

development and optimisation of fast, efficient, quantitative, economic and environmentally friendly analytical extraction techniques for the extraction clean up, and pre-concentration in the quantification of 16 usepa priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pahs) in contaminated soils have been carried out. three different extraction methods (soxhlet, ultra sonication and mechanical shaking...

background and aims. dental handpiece is a source of contamination because it is in constant touch with the oral cavity. sterilization does not seem to be sufficient to prevent penetration of microorganisms into air and water lines of the unit, because negative pressure developed by valves (which are placed in water outlets) and post shut-off inertial rotation of handpiece result in water and d...