Nuclear genes control plastid differentiation in response to developmental signals, environmental signals, and retrograde signals from plastids themselves. In return, plastids emit signals that are essential for proper expression of many nuclear photosynthetic genes. Accumulation of magnesium-protoporphyrin IX (Mg-Proto), an intermediate in chlorophyll biosynthesis, is a plastid signal that rep...

Modern game engines make it easy to create complex realistic environments for entertainment or for training, but scripting the behavior of agents in these environments is still a major challenge. Spatial computing languages such as Proto [1] provide a possible solution, but need to be adapted for practical scripting use. We have begun to address this problem by linking Proto with the Unity game...

Chechen, Ingush and Batsbi together form the Nakh subgroup of East Caucasian language family. Chechen Ingush, to a lesser degree Batsbi, underwent regressive vowel assimilation (umlaut). The sound laws that govern umlaut have already been established some degree. article focuses on two issues: rules for dialects are worked out in detail basis dialectal material provided by Imnajshvili 1977, dif...