Objects (Dordrecht: D. Reidel, 1983), ch. 3.

The question whether material implication is a proper translation of “if ... then ...” in conditional sentences has been known and discussed as “material implication paradox”. The source of this paradox comes from the interpretation of material implication that any falsehood, or contradiction, entails every proposition. For example, consider truth conditions of the conditional sentence (1) and ...

The paper puts forward a theory of historical modalities that is framed in terms of possible continuations rather than possible worlds or histories. The proposal is tested as a semantical theory for a language with historical modalities, tenses, and indexicals.

This paper presents the first possible world semantics for concessive conditionals (i.e., even if A, C conditionals) constructed in a compositional way. First, the meaning of if is formalized through a semantics that builds on the proposal given by Stalnaker [1968]. A major difference from Stalnaker’s approach is that irrelevant conditionals (i.e., conditionals where the antecedent and the cons...

In this paper, we study the logical semantics of actions, preference, and commitment. The semantics is based on the possible world models for dynamic logic of actions. A binary preference relation between possible worlds is associated with the model. Then the preference between actions are determined by comparing that of their consequences. While the preference will influence the agent’s choice...

Belot (2013) argues that Bayesians are epistemologically flawed because they believe with probability one that they will learn the truth about observational propositions in the limit. While Belot’s considerations suggest that this result should be interpreted with some care, the concerns he raises can largely be defused by putting convergence to the truth in the context of learning from an arbi...

microalgal growth curve, after the exponential phase, shows a stationary phase where algalbiomass production is inhibited and remains constant by some factors such as nutrientdepletion and intrinsic behavior. the present study is concerned with evaluating effects ofthe culture medium condition and intrinsic behavior on biomass production by dunaliellatertiolecta. to this end, effect of ph, nutr...

The fundamental principle of the theory of possible worlds is that a proposition p is possible if and only if there is a possible world at which p is true. In this paper we present a valid derivation of this principle from a more general theory in which possible worlds are defined rather than taken as primitive. The general theory uses a primitive modality and axiomatizes abstract objects, prop...

We consider two approaches to giving semantics to first order logics of probability. The first approach puts a probability on the domain, and is appropriate for giving semantics to formulas involving statistical information such as "The probability that a (typical) bird flies is greater than .9." The second approach puts a probability on possible worlds, and is appropriate for giving semantics ...