The vulval precursor cell (VPC) fate patterning in Caenorhabditis elegans is a classic model experimental system for cell fate determination and patterning in development. Despite its apparent simplicity (six neighboring cells arranged in one dimension) and many experimental and computational efforts, the patterning strategy and mechanism remain controversial due to incomplete knowledge of the ...

When mechanically exfoliated two-dimensional (2D) materials are used for device applications, their properties strongly depend on the geometry and number of layers present in the flake. In general, these properties cannot be modified once a device has been fabricated out of an exfoliated flake. In this work we present a novel nano-patterning method for 2D material based devices, Pulsed eBeam Ga...

Quantitative data from the Drosophila wing imaginal disc reveals that the amplitude of the Decapentaplegic (Dpp) morphogen gradient increases continuously. It is an open question how cells can determine their relative position within a domain based on a continuously increasing gradient. Here we show that pre-steady state diffusion-based dispersal of morphogens results in a zone within the growi...

the scanning probe microscopes (spms) based lithographic techniques have been demonstrated as an extremely capable patterning tool. manipulating surfaces, creating atomic assembly, fabricating chemical patterns, imaging topography and characterizing various mechanical properties of materials in nanometer regime are enabled by this technique. in this paper, a qualified overview of diverse lithog...

Cuttlefish are cephalopod molluscs that achieve dynamic camouflage by rapidly extracting visual information from the background and neurally implementing an appropriate skin (or body) pattern. We investigated how cuttlefish body patterning responses are influenced by contrast and spatial scale by varying the contrast and the size of checkerboard backgrounds. We found that: (1) at high contrast ...

Trichome patterning on Arabidopsis leaves is one of the best-studied model systems for two-dimensional de novo patterning. In addition to an activator-inhibitor-related mechanism, we previously proposed a depletion mechanism to operate during this process such that GLABRA3 (GL3) traps the trichome-promoting factor TRANSPARENT TESTA GLABRA1 (TTG1) in trichomes that, in turn, results in a depleti...

Double patterning has emerged as the likely lithography technology to bridge the gap between water-based ArF immersion lithography and EUV. The adoption of double patterning is driven by the accelerated timing of the introduction of device shrinks below 40nm half pitch, especially for NAND flash. With scaling, increased device sensitivity to parameter variations puts extreme pressure on control...

Used predominantly in the treatment ofmalignant pain in the trunk, pelvis and lower limbs, the most successful of these — dorsal rhizotomy, spinothalamic cordotomy and myelotomy—were considered todemonstrate, invariably in non-randomised case series, good to excellent results in selected patients with nociceptive cancer pain. Pain relief would usually bemaintained through a survival period of 9...