• A constitutive material model is developed to nonlinear behaviour of timber. Orthotropic stress–strain relationship used in the linear elastic phase. Under compression a based on Hoffman yield criterion and plastic potential used. Isotropic strain hardening during deformation incorporated into criterion. Tensile damages all three grain directions are established using damage factors fracture ...

Complex and interesting electromagnetic behavior can be found in spaces with non-flat topology. When considering the properties of an electromagnetic medium under an arbitrary coordinate transformation an alternative interpretation presents itself. The transformed material property tensors may be interpreted as a different set of material properties in a flat, Cartesian space. We describe the c...