Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is a safe and effective treatment for patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), but the cost of this drug has raised concerns regarding cost-effectiveness. The aim of our study was to determine the cost-effectiveness of UDCA in PBC. We compared the costs and outcomes of managing PBC patients with and without UDCA. From two previously published trials, the effect...

OBJECTIVE This study of Department of Defense (DoD) civilian employees Workers' Compensation (WC) claims for chargeback year 2000 through 2012 aimed to analyze the frequency, rates, and costs of WC claims representing 5% of the DoD annual personnel budget. METHODS A multiyear cross-sectional study of WC claims data identified the top five most frequent causes, natures, and anatomical sites; c...

BACKGROUND ME/CFS is characterized by debilitating fatigue in addition to other physical and cognitive symptoms. It is estimated to affect over 800,000 adults in the U.S. ME/CFS often results in diminished functionality and increased economic impact. The economic impact of an illness is generally divided into two categories: direct and indirect costs. Despite high prevalence rates and the disab...

AIMS To assess the direct costs of necessary consumables for minimal care of a child with Type 1 diabetes in countries where the public health system does not regularly provide such care. METHODS Supply costs were collected between January 2013 and February 2015 from questionnaires submitted by centres requesting International Diabetes Federation Life for a Child Program support. All 20 centr...

BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is chronic and debilitating, afflicts patients in the prime of their lives, and requires costly, decades-long disease management. MS prevalence is increasing, and treatment with new drug therapies is expensive. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this analysis were to (1) determine the average total and component direct medical costs incurred in the treatment of MS...

BACKGROUND Drugs are most typically defined as specialty because they are expensive; however, other criteria used to define a drug as specialty include biologic drugs, the need to inject or infuse the drug, the requirement for special handling, or drug availability only via a limited distribution network. Specialty drugs play an increasingly important role in the treatment of chronic conditions...

This paper deals with optimal control interval determination using minimization the financial costs. It clears conceptual, mathematical and simulation model of the problem solution. It enumerates and evaluates results of the simulation.

BACKGROUND The socio-economic impact of bipolar disorder in the UK is unknown. AIMS To estimate the annual socio-economic burden imposed by bipolar disorder on UK society. METHOD The annual cost of resource use attributable to managing bipolar disorder was calculated. Indirect societal costs were also calculated. RESULTS The annual National Health Service (NHS) cost of managing bipolar di...

OBJECTIVE We attempted to estimate the excess annual costs that a US private employer may attribute to employing an individual who smokes tobacco as compared to a non-smoking employee. DESIGN Reviewing and synthesising previous literature estimating certain discrete costs associated with smoking employees, we developed a cost estimation approach that approximates the total of such costs for U...

Capital cost, resale value and running cost including maintenance costs, repairing costs, and operation costs of equipment are considered as crisp numbers in ordinary replacement problem. Nevertheless, in a special situation such as operating military equipments during wartime, the working efficiency of the machine and its related costs are no longer crisp but uncertain. This uncertainty can be...