INTRODUCTION Limbic encephalitis (LE) is characterised by seizures and impairment of short-term memory as well as behavioural and psychiatric symptoms such as anxiety, depression, personality change and hallucinations. Onset of these symptoms is typically subacute over a few weeks or months but may also evolve over a few days. In many patients, limbic encephalitis is a paraneoplastic syndrome u...

OBJECTIVE A severe but treatable form of immune-mediated encephalitis is associated with antibodies in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) against the GluN1 subunit of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR). Prolonged exposure of hippocampal neurons to antibodies from patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis caused a reversible decrease in the synaptic localization and function of NMDARs. Howev...

Within the last few years, a new group of diseases featured with cognitive impairment, seizures and behavior disorders was reported. And these diseases were commonly diagnosed as “viral encephalitis” and “sporadic encephalitis” than autoimmune encephalitis (AE) before AE had confirmed etiological. With the development of autoantibody serological tests, many patients who had been previously cons...

It has been 1 year since the first issue of Neurology ® Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation (N2) was launched. Since then, there has been a steady growth in the number of manuscripts received and an increasing number of manuscripts included in each bimonthly issue. The current issue contains 26 manuscripts: 6 related to multiple sclerosis (MS), 7 to antibody-associated encephalitis, 3 to aquapo...

Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis is a neurological, autoimmune disorder tightly conceptualized only as recently as the mid-2000s. It presents itself in a combination of psychiatric, neurological, and autonomic features. We observe a unique case with probable earlier episode (prior to the mid-2000s conceptualization of the disease) and a later relapse, accompanying a comprehensive...