This paper examines the phonetics and phonology of intonational boundaries in five Romance languages/varieties. A typology of the boundary cues used is given, as well as their relative frequency. The phonology of the tonal boundary gesture is described by means of the inventory of nuclear accents used plus their possible combinations with the two dominant end contours: continuation rise (H) and...

1. Some Extended Arabic characters are typographical variants of characters already adequately covered by the corresponding Basic Arabic Characters; 2. 0626 ARABIC LETTER YEH WITH HAMZA ABOVE is actually a representation form of two nominal characters: 06D5 ARABIC LETTER AE followed by 0621 ARABIC LETTER HAMZA; 3. The graphemes for the aspirated phonemes of Urdu should be added; 06BE ARABIC LET...

The complementary themes of physical embodiment and environmental embedding, though frequently touted as bases of human cognition, have not been recognized explicitly in models of phonetics. We explore these concepts more fully as they apply to phonetics, seeking a theory based on richer, higher-dimensional models of both the human body and the human environment. In contrast with previous model...

Dental trauma is such a situation wherein the patient is affected both socially and psychologically. During their first dental visit, these patients with trauma are in pain and need emergency treatment. Such patients are quite apprehensive because of impaired functions, esthetics, and phonetics. The prime objective while handling such cases is successful pain management with immediate restorati...

K-SEC(Korean-Spoken English Corpus) is a kind of speech database that is under construction by the authors of this paper. This article discusses the needs of the K-SEC from various academic disciplines and industrial circles, and it introduces the characteristics of the K-SEC design, its catalogues and contents of the recorded database, exemplifying what are being considered from both Korean an...

In this paper, a novel for Query Translation and Expansion for enabling English/Arabic CLIR for both normal and OCR-Degraded Arabic Text model has been proposed, implemented, and tested. First, an English/Arabic Word Collocations Dictionary has been established plus reproducing three English/Arabic Single Words Dictionaries. Second, a modern Arabic Corpus has been built. Third, a model for simu...

Arabic script character recognition is challenging task due to complexity of the script and huge number of ligatures. We present a method for the development of multilingual Arabic script OCR (Optical Character Recognition) and lexicon reduction for Arabic Script and its derivative languages. The objective of the proposed method is to overcome the large dataset Urdu and similar scripts by using...

Tunisian Arabic is a dialect of the Arabic language spoken in Tunisia. Tunisian Arabic is an under-resourced language. It has neither a standard orthography nor large collections of written text and dictionaries. Actually, there is no strict separation between Modern Standard Arabic, the official language of the government, media and education, and Tunisian Arabic; the two exist on a continuum ...

Morphological analysis is an essential stage in language engineering applications. For the Arabic language, this stage is not easy to develop because the Arabic language has some particularities such as the phenomena of agglutination and a lot of morphological ambiguity phenomenon. These reasons make the design of the morphological analyzer for Arabic somewhat difficult and require lots of othe...

This paper presents a novel approach for Arabic root generation and lexicon development. The approach provides three algorithms; in the first algorithm Arabic word root is generated using the concept of permutation and combination, the root generator algorithm generates roots by applying permutations to the Arabic alphabetic letters. Then, the second algorithm is used for developing difference ...