Complex anatomy, difficult access, and low tolerance of cord manipulation in the cervical thoracic spine are some most challenging aspects surgery. Open spinal surgery incurs substantial morbidity, with significant postoperative pain, blood loss, risk infection open wounds. With evolution endo- scopic surgical techniques increasing familiarity how to handle endoscopic equipment, indications hav...

Local advancement flaps are a key tool in the armamentarium of reconstructive surgeon. They can be used to repair small and large defects on all areas face with excellent skin color texture match, limited donor site morbidity, flexibility hide scars. In this review, we outline common categories discuss situations for their use.