BACKGROUND Epidemiological data have shown long-term health adversity in low birth weight subjects, especially concerning the metabolic syndrome and 'diabesity' risk. Alterations in adult food intake have been suggested to be causally involved. Responsible mechanisms remain unclear. METHODS AND FINDINGS By rearing in normal (NL) vs. small litters (SL), small-for-gestational-age (SGA) rats wer...

Misregulation of hedgehog (Hh) signaling has been implicated in the pathogenesis of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and medulloblastoma. Vismodegib, an orally bioavailable Hh signal pathway inhibitor targeting Smo, has been approved for the treatment of advanced BCC. However, acquired drug resistance to vismodegib induced by point mutation in Smo is emerging as a major problem to vismodegib treatmen...

A complex NLP application such as a question answering system requires sophisticated methods for evaluation, especially if there is a mechanism to submit factoid type queries as well as natural language (NL)-type questions. As part of our research we created an integrated tool that allows users to search two ways – using a keyword query and using a NL question. We present a method to evaluate o...

SUMMARY The present study investigated the effect of tonal changes on voice onset time (VOT) between normal laryngeal (NL) and superior esophageal (SE) speakers of Mandarin Chinese. VOT values were measured from the syllables /pha/, /tha/, and /kha/ produced at four tone levels by eight NL and seven SE speakers who were native speakers of Mandarin. Results indicated that Mandarin tones were ass...

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) productively infects only humans and chimpanzees, but not Old World monkeys, such as rhesus and cynomolgus (CM) monkeys. To establish a monkey model of HIV-1/AIDS, several HIV-1 derivatives have been constructed. We previously generated a simian-tropic HIV-1 that replicates efficiently in CM cells. This virus encodes a capsid protein (CA) with SIVmac2...

The effects of day temperature (DT), night (NT), and length (NL) were evaluated on the flowering responses heat-tolerant heat-sensitive poinsettia ( Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch) cultivars Orion Red Prestige Red, respectively. Plants placed under 60 DT × NT NL treatments that consisted three (20, 24, 28 °C), four (16, 20, five (10, 11, 12, 13, 14 hours) for first 17 days experiment....

Neurolymphomatosis (NL) is a rare disease that can be caused by T cell, B cell or natural killer cell (NK) lymphomas, but most commonly by B cell lymphomas.1 NL is characterized by direct infiltration of the central nervous system (CNS), nerve roots/plexus or peripheral nerves by a hematological malignancy.2–4 Multiple nerve involvement is more common than single nerve involvement.1 Secondary N...

It is well known that the Galois group of an extension L/F puts constraints on the structure of the relative ideal class group Cl(L/F ). Explicit results, however, hardly ever go beyond the semisimple abelian case, where L/F is abelian (in general cyclic) and where (L : F ) and #Cl(L/F ) are coprime. Using only basic parts of the theory of group representations, we give a unified approach to th...

The auditory brainstem nuclei, angularis (NA), magnocellularis (NM), and laminaris (NL) of the chicken, Gallus, contain terminals that stain for antibodies against the inhibitory neurotransmitter, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Some of these terminals originate from cells surrounding nucleus magnocellularis. Results from this study indicate that the majority of the GABAergic terminals found in...