In male vertebrates, two conflicting paradigms--the energetic costs of high dominance rank and the chronic stress of low rank--have been proposed to explain patterns of immune function and parasitism. To date, neither paradigm has provided a complete explanation for status-related differences in male health. Here, we applied meta-analyses to test for correlations between male social status, imm...

Abstract This typological study based on data from a parallel text corpus is two-step investigation of selectives (“topic markers”). First, set in 81 languages all continents compiled the basis their occurrence with emphatic personal pronouns contrast constructions. In second step, it explored how this markers used across 19 subordinate clause domains. The results indicate that, despite much cr...

Social species show considerable variation in the extent to which dominant females suppress subordinate reproduction. Much of this variation may be influenced by the cost of active suppression to dominants, who may be selected to balance the need to maximize the resources available for their own offspring against the costs of interfering with subordinate reproduction. To date, the cost of repro...