OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to report physician experience-based "real-world" treatment patterns with botulinum toxin type A in patients with stroke and traumatic brain injury. DESIGN A prospective, multicenter, international observational registry design was used. RESULTS Six hundred twenty-seven participants with stroke and 132 participants with traumatic brain injury were assessed...

OBJECTIVE To explore the occurrence of, and risk factors for, spasticity until 6 months after first-ever stroke. METHODS Forty-nine patients were examined at day 2-10, at 1 month, and at 6 months. The modified Ashworth Scale was used to assess resistance to passive movements. A comprehensive clinical examination was performed to identify other positive signs of upper motor neurone syndrome, i...

OBJECTIVE To explore the effect of treatment after botulinum toxin type A combined with treatments for the spastic foot. DESIGN Single-blind, randomized trial, with 3-month follow-up. SUBJECTS Twenty-three chronic hemiplegic adult patients with spastic equinus foot. METHODS Following botulinum toxin type A injection at the medial and lateral gastrocnemius, patients were assigned randomly ...

(1) Ignorance of its Value.-This has led to scepticism of good results that have been reported. (2) Contradictory Verdicts on its Value in the Literature.-Two years ago Woods (presumably representing American opinion) wrote that " syphilologists and ophthalmologists doubt whether cortisone therapy in interstitial keratitis is a justifiable procedure " (Woods, 1 952a). Also in America Purnell an...

(1) Ignorance of its Value.-This has led to scepticism of good results that have been reported. (2) Contradictory Verdicts on its Value in the Literature.-Two years ago Woods (presumably representing American opinion) wrote that " syphilologists and ophthalmologists doubt whether cortisone therapy in interstitial keratitis is a justifiable procedure " (Woods, 1 952a). Also in America Purnell an...

Post-stroke spasticity is an important cause of disability in adults, due to muscle hyperactivity, which results in limb stiffness and muscle spasm. The prognosis for these patients depends on several features such as early management and adequate physical therapy to avoid muscle shortening, pain, and their consequences. Although several papers have shown that intramuscular injections of botuli...

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to elucidate clinical trial efficacy, safety, and dosing practices of abobotulinumtoxinA (ABO) treatment in adult patients with upper limb spasticity (ULS). METHODS A systematic literature review was performed to identify randomized controlled trials and other comparative clinical studies of ABO in the treatment of adult ULS published in English between Jan...

Fetal-type Minamata disease is caused by the exposure to high concentrations of methylmercury in the fetal period and shows cerebral palsy-like clinical features. Relief of spasticity is a major task of rehabilitation to improve their activities of daily living. Here we report the effect of long-term vibration therapy on bilateral lower-limb spasticity in 3 patients with fetal-type Minamata dis...

In a double blind, placebo controlled, cross over study the correlations between single doses (2, 4, and 8 mg), plasma concentrations, and antispastic action of tizanidine were investigated in 16 patients with extensor spasticity of the legs due to multiple sclerosis. An electrogoniometer was used to assess muscle tone at knee extensors, applying Wartenberg's pendulum test. Blood samples, a cli...

OBJECTIVES to establish the reliability of the modified Ashworth scale for measuring muscle tone in a range of muscle groups (elbow, wrist, knee and ankle; flexors and extensors) and of the Medical Research Council scale for measuring muscle power in the same muscle groups and their direct antagonists. DESIGN a cross-sectional study involving repeated measures by two raters. We estimated reli...