Data assimilation is the process of hindcasting, now-casting, and forecasting using all available information. This chapter summarizes the methods and applications of data assimilation in the ocean.

Segmented assimilation theory has been a popular explanation for the diverse experiences of assimilation among new waves of immigrants and their children. In this paper, we review the theory as it is currently articulated in the literature and propose a more restricted reformulation of the theory that yields sharp, empirically falsifiable hypotheses. Our reformulation is based on the idea that ...

In simultaneous brightness contrast displays, a gray target square G(B) bordered by black appears brighter than an identical gray target square G(W) bordered by white. Here we demonstrate that this effect can be reversed if G(B) is surrounded by bands that alternate outward from black to white, while G(W) is surrounded by bands that alternate outward from white to black. With these simple "bull...

[1] The ARPS 3DVAR data assimilation system is enhanced and used for the first time to assimilate airborne Doppler radar wind observations. It is applied to Hurricane Ike (2008), where radar observations taken along four flight legs through the hurricane vortex 14 to 18 h before it made landfall are assimilated. An optimal horizontal de-correlation scale for the background error is determined t...

A variety of data assimilation approaches have been applied to enhance modelling capability and accuracy using observations from different sources. The algorithms have varying degrees of complexity of implementation, and they improve model results with varying degrees of success. Very little work has been carried out on comparing the implementation of different data assimilation algorithms usin...

To improve snowpack estimates in Community Land Model version 4 (CLM4), the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) snow cover fraction (SCF) was assimilated into the Community Land Model version 4 (CLM4) via the Data Assimilation Research Testbed (DART). The interface between CLM4 and DART is a flexible, extensible approach to land surface data assimilation. This data assimilatio...

abstract stylistics is a critical approach focusing lexically, intellectually, and literally on the text to extract main literary elements of the text. as a result, literary text can be supposed as its basis and in fact, stylistics is originated from the text. this analytic-descriptive study is to analyze a poem by …….(1983-1940) as one of the outstanding pioneers of literary movement in eg...

abstract an experiment was conducted to study growth analysis and evaluation of change in simple non- structural carbohydrates (sucrose, glucose and fructose) during bulb formation of ghermez azarshahr , zargan, safid naishaboor and safid qom cultivars in randomized complete block design containing three replications. seeds were sown in nursery in early february and seedlings were transplanted ...

Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere Transfer models (SVAT) and Crop Simulation models describe physical and physiological processes occurring in crop canopies. Remote sensing data may be used through assimilation procedures for constraining or driving SVAT and crop models. We developed the coupling between crop, SVAT and radiative transfer models in order to implement assimilation procedures in various ...

During the past decade, researchers have been working to develop methods for the assimilation of Global Positioning System (GPS) radio occultation data into numerical weather prediction (NWP) models. Until recently, two strategies have received the most attention: 1) assimilation of the retrieved bending angle profiles, and 2) assimilation of the retrieved refractivity profiles. The assimilatio...