The Earth’s fair weather atmospheric electric field shows, in clean air, an average daily variation which follows universal time, globally independent of the measurement position. This single diurnal cycle variation (maximum around 19UT and minimum around 03UT) is widely known as the Carnegie curve, after the geophysical survey vessel of the Carnegie Institution of Washington on which the origi...

Abstract —Anomalous variations in radon emissions from the soil are sometimes observed before and after strong earthquakes. In this paper, we theoretically analyze known hypothesis that these radioactive emanations surface layer of atmosphere cause vertical background current with subsequent changes electron density $${{n}_{e}}$$ lower ionosphere. For purpose, will first assess relation between...

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) envisages the need for large-scale deployment of net-negative CO2 emissions technologies by mid-century to meet stringent climate mitigation goals and yield a net drawdown of atmospheric carbon. These CO2 removal technologies complement lowor zero-carbon energy technologies1,2. Industrial-scale sequestration of CO2 from bioenergy production —...

during the last recent decades, restructuring in the electricity industry has been considered as an economical policy. consequently, it was able to increase private investment, competition, efficiency, and productivity. the purpose of restructuring electricity industry is to change electricity industry organization, in order to omit monopoly and increase competition. recognition of restructurin...