calligraphy, as a prominent art incorporated into persian and islamic architecture, supplys messages and brings beauty to the eyes of the beholder. the most important messages in architecture are directly expressed by inscriptions. different types of inscriptions are shaped in the form of mosaic works, multiple painted patterns, tiles, bricks or plaster techniques. although in qajar period trad...

1 The Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques Institute for Hajj and Umrah Research, Umm Al -Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia. 2 Air pollution Department, Nat ional Research Center, Cairo, Egypt. *Corresponding author: [email protected] Mob.: 00201151143456 ; ORCID: 0000-0002-2930-0168 Abstract The current study aimed to: i) Monitor levels of PM10, at Shebika, Haram, Masfala, Azizia, Awa...

The reality of language in human life goes dynamically. That is, there are developments and changes so that it can cause a shift meaning. Likewise, the meaning worship at time Apostle has broader author this case aims to examine implementation term by takmir mosque Purwokerto. This research uses qualitative type with data collection using interview, observation documentation techniques. At anal...

Travelogues also contain much information about the architectural structures of countries in which they were written by satisfying curiosity societies towards different civilizations. Istanbul is a cosmopolitan city that has attracted attention travelers at all times, or geographical. Travelers who come to for reasons describe and convey many their travelogues. At top these place worship from r...

Erken Cumhuriyet Dönemi’nde ç?kart?lan kanun ve talimatnameler ile camiler kadro dâhili harici olarak tasnif edilmi?; sonunda haricine ç?kar?lanlar kapat?lm?? veya sat?lm??t?r. Özellikle yeni düzenin/Cumhuriyetin in?a y?llar? olan 1930’larla birlikte haz?rlanan talimatnameleri çok say?da cami ç?kar?l?p kapat?lm??t?r. Kapat?lan camilerin sat??lar? 1927 senesinde s?kla?m?? olmas?na ra?men, hukuki...

In a climate of rising religious fundamentalism, it is relevant and pertinent to examine the processes by which a " religious " site is created. My general premise is that historical narratives are negotiations, rather than simple renditions of fact, and thus are always reflective of their authors' contemporary politics. Within this framework, this essay explores the processes through which the...