The following well-known text from the Babylonian Talmud (redacted ca. 600 C.E.) has had an enormous influence on scholarly accounts of the relation between divine authority and human authority in talmudic rabbinic Judaism. [Regarding a certain kind of oven, R. Eliezer rules that it is ritually pure and the sages rule that it is ritually impure.] It was taught: On that day, R. Eliezer responded...

Adaptation is a fact of life. If I walk down the street and fall down a manhole, I’m likely to keep a lookout for open manholes in the future. In this case, I adapt to my circumstances; I take a more cautious approach than I might otherwise have. This is true of all forms of life, and plausibly helps to explain the fact that there is, in fact, life at all. Adaptation of preferences is not much ...

NOTE: This position paper has been coordinated among the software specialists of certification authorities from the United States, Europe, and Canada. However, it does not constitute official policy or guidance from any of the authorities. This document is provided for educational and informational purposes only and should be discussed with the appropriate certification authority when consideri...

Authority and power permeate political, social, and economic life, but empirical knowledge about the motivational origins and consequences of authority is limited. We study the motivation and incentive effects of authority experimentally in an authoritydelegation game. Individuals often retain authority even when its delegation is in their material interest—suggesting that authority has nonpecu...

There are several problems associated with the current ways that certificates are published and revoked. This paper discusses these problems, and then proposes a solution based on the use of WebDAV, an enhancement to the HTTP protocol. The proposed solution provides instant certificate revocation, minimizes the processing costs of the certificate issuer and relying party, and eases the administ...

The National Crime Authority is an investigative agency established by Commonwealth and underpinning state legislation. The Authority is constituted by a Chairman and Members of the Authority. A Member of the Authority is responsible for the operation of one or more of the Authority's offices. The Authority has offices in Melbourne, Sydney, Adelaide and Perth and in 1992 will open an office in ...

We analyze the effect of collective action by green/environmentally aware consumers on ambient environmental quality and market equilibrium. We consider a model with two types of consumers who differ in their willingness-to-pay for a good available in two different environmental qualities, and two competing firms: one selling the good of high environmental quality and the other of low environme...

An assurance case based regime requires a strong review element. Typically, one party is responsible for preparing the assurance case. Another party (the certification authority) is responsible for accepting the assurance case. Assurance cases are, by their nature, often subjective. The objective of assurance case development, therefore, is to obtain mutual acceptance of this subjective positio...

Explaining why the provision of public goods varies across jurisdictions is often complicated by the self-selection of jurisdictions into the population with provision authority. To address this problem we develop and estimate a multi-stage selection model in tandem with a public goods provision model. Our empirical application is to the State of California where counties are assigned primary r...

when a person joins in an organization, he becomes authorize to take some decisions on behalf of that organization; means he is given some authority to exercise. After some time, on the basis of his performance in the organization, he is given promotion and he becomes eligible to exercise to some higher authorities. And further, he may get some higher promotion or he may leave the organization....