Autonomic dysreflexia is an important clinical diagnosis that requires prompt treatment to avoid devastating complications. The condition may present itself to all members of medical and surgical specialties, who may not be accustomed to treating it. It is the clinician's responsibility to have a basic understanding of the pathophysiology of the condition and the simple steps required to treat it.

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background: cirrhosis is a pathologically defined entity associated with a spectrumof characteristicmanifestations.the cardinal pathologic features reflect irreversible chronic injury of the hepatic parenchyma and include extensive fibrosis in association with the formation of regenerative nodules.autonomic dysfunction is a frequent and important complication of cirrhosis. the risk of mortality...

The autonomic nervous system plays an important role in a wide range of visceral-somatic and mental diseases. Cardiac parameters, particularly heart rate as a physiological measure, are extremely sensitive to autonomic influences. Normally, the activities of the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system are in dynamic balance indicating healthy and flexible physio...

Introduction:Guillain-Barre Syndrome(GBS) is the most common cause of acute flaccid paralysis. Respiratory failure is the most serious short-term complication of GBS and invasive mechanical ventilation is required in 30% of patients.moreover,60% of those who are intubated develop major complications including pnemonia,sepsis,GI bleeding and pulmonary embolism. Thus respiratory failure predictio...

This paper proposes a noninvasive method for estimating autonomic nervous activity from changes in dynamic parameters of a pupillary flash response. Our method is derived based on an analysis that clarifies the relationship between the autonomic nervous activity and the dynamic parameters using the human pupillary muscle plant model developed in our previous study. Moreover, we show that pupill...

Autonomic nervous system activation can induce significant and heterogeneous changes of atrial electrophysiology and induce atrial tachyarrhythmias, including atrial tachycardia and atrial fibrillation (AF). The importance of the autonomic nervous system in atrial arrhythmogenesis is also supported by circadian variation in the incidence of symptomatic AF in humans. Methods that reduce autonomi...