Over 2 million military and civilian personnel per year (over 1 million in the United States) are occupationally exposed, respectively, to jet propulsion fuel-8 (JP-8), JP-8 +100 or JP-5, or to the civil aviation equivalents Jet A or Jet A-1. Approximately 60 billion gallon of these kerosene-based jet fuels are annually consumed worldwide (26 billion gallon in the United States), including over...

In an attempt to avoid serious problems that can affect the efficiency of refueling ground-operated vehicles and aircraft during military operations, Armed Forces North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) are introducing use a unique fuel for both air land use. The has been selected is F-34, similar Jet A-1, which used in civil aviation, order replace diesel many applications. It be mentioned t...

Within the past decades, there has been increasing interest in alternative fuels in the aviation industry. However for these alternative fuels to be accepted they must show they do not affect materials, particularly elastomers, in aircraft significantly different than standard 100 low lead (100LL). This research is focused on comparing the effects of a proprietary bio-derived alternative fuel o...

• The history of aviation beginning with the first drawings and flying items goes back to the fifteenth century. • The aviation industry has grown to a remarkable size over the centuries and is one of the important industries of economic growth today. • The aviation industry is structured along the aviation value chain. • Air transport is characterised by high fixed costs, low profit margins in...

Abstract. Aviation emission accounting is the key to establishing market measures control aviation pollutant emissions. Based on fuel percentage method (FPM), this paper applies improved BFFM2-FOA-FPM (Boeing Fuel Flow Method 2–First Order Approximation FPM) calculate emissions of six pollutants (CO2, CO, HC, NOx, SO2, and PM2.5) between Chinese foreign cities from 2014 2019, including CCD (cli...

Hydrogen is one of the most promising power sources for meeting aviation sector’s long-term decarbonization goals. Although on-board hydrogen systems, namely, fuel cells, are extensively researched, maintenance, repair and overhaul (MRO) perspective remains mostly unaddressed. This paper analyzes cells from an MRO standpoint, based on a literature review comparison with automotive sector. It al...

Saving fuel by splitting a flight mission with an intermediate stop for refuelling is described the concept of operations. This can also be beneficial to climate impact aviation, if level and airport are selected accordingly. study aims estimate mitigation potential implementation climate-optimised operations European long-haul flights compare it fuel-optimal For this purpose, consumption emiss...