The buckling analysis of stiffened cylindrical shells by rings and stringers made of functionally graded materials subjected to axial compression loading is presented. It is assumed that the material properties vary as a power form of the thickness coordinate variable. The fundamental relations, the equilibrium and stability equations are derived using the first order shear deformation theory. ...

Binary collision of droplets is a fundamental form of droplet interaction in the spraying flow field. In order to reveal the central collision mechanism of two gel droplets with equal diameters, an axi-symmetric form of the Navier-Stokes equations are firstly solved and the method of VOF (volume of fluid) is utilized to track the evolution of the gas-liquid free interface. Then, the numerical c...

In the nonlinear theory of isotropic elastic materials, there are relations between force-like quantities and deformation-like quantities which are independent of material properties. Such relations have been called "universal" relations [1]. The best known example is that of Rivlin for simple shear [2]. It relates components of normal and shear stress and the amount of shear. Another important...