The main basin for breast lymphatic drainage is ipsilateral axilla. However, extra-axillary drainage may be seen in some patients. The most common extra-axillary site is internal mammary chain, while contralateral axillary drainage is an extremely rare situation in previously untreated patients. We describe a case of untreated right breast retroareolar carcinoma with contralateral axillary drai...

BACKGROUND Lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy are new techniques that accurately provide crucial staging information while inflicting far less morbidity than complete axillary dissection. As these techniques continue to gain acceptance, issues such as adequacy of training, certification, and outcomes measures become increasingly important. The purpose of this paper is to rep...

In this paper, we propose a directional wavelet approach to remove images of interfering strokes coming from the back of a historical handwritten document due to seeping of ink during long period of storage. Our previous work required mapping of both sides of the document in order to identify the interfering strokes to be eliminated. Perfect mapping, however, is difficult due to document skews,...

Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) has emerged as a less invasive alternative to axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) in the treatment of breast cancer. However, SLNB has a number of limitations, and we believe that alternative strategies for staging of the axilla should be explored. The hypothesis of this proposal was that the combination of preoperative high-resolution axillary ultrasound (AU...

Abstract Background: The axillary lymph node stage is one of the single most important determinants in the prognosis of breast cancer patients. The disadvantages of the two previous methods used for evaluating axillary node metastasis, i.e., axillary lymph node dissection and sentinel lymph node biopsy, have directed researchers to investigate new techniques for this purpose. The aim of the cur...

How natural selection on adaptive traits is filtered to the genetic level remains largely unknown. Theory and quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping have provided insights into the number and effect of genes underlying adaptations, but these results have been hampered by questions of applicability to real biological systems and poor resolution, respectively. Advances in molecular technologies h...

BACKGROUND Axillary web syndrome is a cause of significant morbidity in the early postoperative period after axillary surgery. CASE PRESENTATION A patient developed axillary web syndrome after secondary breast surgery and recovered in 3 weeks through physical therapy and using Aescuven Forte. DISCUSSION The pathogenesis of axillary web syndrome is not clear. It is reported that axillary sur...

dog rose (rosa canina) has been using as a rootstock for ornamental roses also it is one of the medicinal plants. it can be propagated under in vitro conditions. after removing chilling requirement of buds, axillary wood buds of dog rose were cut in three nodal positions (lower, middle and terminal) on the stem and then explants after decontamination, cultured on murashige and skoog medium (ms ...

introduction: size of axillary lymph nodes can be a predictor for breast abnormalities. the agents in the antiperspirants such as aluminum were observed in the breast biopsy of individual with abnormalities and antiperspirants usage. in this study, the relation between using antiperspirants and the size of axillary lymph nodes were evaluated in iranian women. methods: in this study, 120 women w...