the present study is investigating the role and situation of women in parthian period. the role of women in parthian era based on archaeological evidences and historical literatures is unknown. the literature had a brief look to this and even leading to the misunderstanding. such literatures concerning generally to the women and their personal attributes in the court like political marriages. i...

Probably since the first time one human being sought to improve the health status of another, in return for a material reward, there has been head scratching over how best to compensate the would-be-healer and how much. The fascinating paper by Quentin et al. on drug-related groups (DRGs) for acute myocardial infarctions in 11 European countries continues the quest. The most famous formal expre...

This third volume in our ISCANEE (International Scholars Conference on Ancient Near Eastern Economics) / ISLET (Institute for the Study of Long-Term Economic Trends) series places the phenomenon of interest-bearing debt in its historical context by tracing its dynamics from Sumer down through the neo-Babylonian epoch, and relating what is known about early Egypt, Nuzi and other neighboring regi...

Computation, as a human activity, has a long history extending back to such ancient civilizations as Egypt, Sumeria (Babylon), Assyria, Greece, and Rome and the later civilizations of medieval Europe. It was used in commerce, agriculture and astronomy. However, it was not an activity of the common man in the street. Egyptian mathematics is known partly from studies of the large Rhind papyrus, w...