Traditionally, the design of new vaccines directed against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the most successful bacterial pathogen on the planet, has focused on prophylactic candidates that would be given to individuals while they are still young. It is becoming more apparent, however, that there are several types of vaccine candidates now under development that could be used under various condition...

Aim: This review is written to describe the role of immunotherapy in cancer treatment. Annually, 13,000 deaths result from bladder cancer. Since the first report of intravesical use of BCG in 1976, investigators try to understand the working mechanism of BCG as an antitumour modality. Arbitrarily, BCG therapy consists of a single course of six weekly intravesical instillations. Bacillus Calmett...

The Calmette--Guerin Bacillus (BCG), an attenuated live strain of Mycobacterium bovis was originally developed by Albert Leon Charles Calmette and Camile Guerin in 1925 as a vaccine for tuberculosis. At the present, BCG is widely used as a complementary therapy for superficial bladder neoplasms. This treatment is considered to be safe and well tolerated although local and distal complications m...

We report a rare case in a female infant (age, 3.5 months) with primary immunodeficiency (IFN-γ/IL-12 pathway defect) who presented with suppurative lymphadenitis after Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccination. The strain of M. bovis BCG identified was found to be resistant to isoniazid and rifampin. The patient was treated with a special pharmacological regimen involving isoniazid (in a limited, st...