Quantum key distribution(QKD) is one of the most significant areas in quantum information theory. For nearly four decades, substantial QKD schemes are developed. In early years, security protocols depend on switching different bases, namely based non-orthogonal state encoding. The famous example BB84 protocol. Later, other techniques were developed for orthogonal Examples such include GV protoc...

Artificial Development is a promising approach to evolutionary design optimization inspired by biological development. However, there is still no consensus as to which problem classes this approach has a clear advantage over classical direct encodings. We attack this problem by introducing the concept of fitness function modifiers based on complexity. Our results indicate that using these modif...

Let G G be a group and let alttext="k"> k encoding="application/x-tex">k field. Kaplansky’s direct fi...