This paper describes the first practical implementation of shared mesh protection with <50 ms performance using the emerging standards G.808.3 & G.ODUSMP. It also presents the performance benefits of this implementation demonstrating 20-26% network cost savings vs. 1+1 protection and a maximum protection switch time substantially less than 50 ms.

This paper examines how stochastic changes in risk a¤ect the demand for saving. We consider two models of savings demand: one in which future labor income is risky and one in which the return on savings is risky. In each model, we examine the e¤ects of anN -degree stochastic change in the risk. For each case, we establish necessary and su¢ cient conditions on preferences that will guarantee tha...

Abstract: The objective of this study is to assess the potential for potable water savings by using rainwater as well as the sizing of rainwater tanks in houses in some cities in the world. Daily rainfall data for thirteen cities located in different countries were used. Different catchment areas, number of residents, potable and rainwater demands were considered in order to assess their impact...

The relationship between income inequality and national savings is theoretically ambiguous, and past empirical studies have delivered mixed results. We revisit the question using a newly available source of data on inequality: the income share of the richest 10 percent and the richest 1 percent. Combining this with historical data on national savings rates, we are able to investigate the relati...

The system of distributing financial aid dollars using needs analysis formulae implicitly imposes a financial aid tax on assets. Existing studies provide mixed evidence of the influence of this implicit tax on assets on wealth accumulation. This paper attempts to contribute to the literature on this topic by examining the sensitivity of results to various assumptions, specifications, and catego...

The existing evidence for the effects of agricultural technological change on cropland use is inadequate to clarify the polarized views on whether encouraging technological progress would slow down the expansion of croplands into forests. This article seeks to inform these views by developing and estimating a model that links the changes in a country’s cropland to the changes in both domestic a...

This introduction to the industrial primary aluminum production process presents a short description of the electrolytic reduction technology, the history of aluminum, and the importance of this metal and its production process to modern society. Aluminum's special qualities have enabled advances in technologies coupled with energy and cost savings. Aircraft capabilities have been greatly enhan...

This paper describes a pilot study testing the feasibility of an innovative savings-led microfinance intervention in increasing the economic empowerment and reducing the sexual risk behavior of women engaging in sex work in Mongolia. Women's economic vulnerability may increase their risk for HIV by compromising their ability to negotiate safer sex with partners and heightening the likelihood th...

A battle is brewing between docs and manufacturers over gainsharing. A study shows that the concept of sharing savings from standardization of medical devices is gaining popularity with doctors, but manufacturers are not quietly accepting the erosion of their long-held influence with physicians. Although the study was published in October 2005, the issue is still emerging. Splitting the differe...

We examine the characteristics of women who chose to join a women's savings or credit group organized by Save the Children USA in a rural area of Bangladesh, and the impact of participation on contraceptive use. The data are taken from a panel survey conducted in 1993, shortly before the groups were formed, and in 1995 after interventions began. Our findings show that although demographic and s...