In Spescha and Strahm [15], a system PET of explicit mathematics in the style of Feferman [7, 8] is introduced, and in Spescha and Strahm [16] the addition of the join principle to PET is studied. Changing to intuitionistic logic, it could be shown that the provably terminating operations of PETJ are the polytime functions on binary words. However, although strongly conjectured, it remained ope...

We study how the distribution of other-regarding preferences develops with age. Based on a set of allocation choices, we classify each of 717 subjects, aged 8 to 17 years, as either egalitarian, altruistic, or spiteful. We find a strong decrease in spitefulness with increasing age. Egalitarianism becomes less frequent, and altruism much more prominent, with age. Females are more frequently clas...