T he Columbian Exchange refers to the exchange of diseases, ideas, food crops, and populations between the New World and the Old World following the voyage to the Americas by Christo pher Columbus in 1492. The Old World—by which we mean not just Europe, but the entire Eastern Hemisphere—gained from the Columbian Exchange in a number of ways. Discoveries of new supplies of metals are perhaps the...

The aim of this work was to determine in Capsicum chinense the 1) concentration heavy metals (Al, As, Cd, Pb), majority (Ca, K, Mg, Na) and essential (Cu, Fe, Mn, Se, Zn) mineral elements, 2) effects ripening stage, harvest number type soil on content 3) authenticity markers. Peppers grown black red soils Mayan region, were harvested two stages (ripe peppers [orange green peppers, respectivily]...

Cover crops are typically grown during the summer in Florida’s organic vegetable systems, where they can affect nutrient cycling, soil health, and pests/pollinators. We compared effects of five cover a weedy fallow on marketable yields cycling phosphorus, potassium, carbon. Weed, nematode, insect pollinator abundance were also monitored to measure any secondary impacts cropping. included monocu...

BACKGROUND Raw produce is an increasingly recognized vehicle for salmonellosis. We investigated a nationwide outbreak that occurred in the United States in 2008. METHODS We defined a case as diarrhea in a person with laboratory-confirmed infection with the outbreak strain of Salmonella enterica serotype Saintpaul. Epidemiologic, traceback, and environmental studies were conducted. RESULTS A...

it was not until 1997 that a capsaicin receptor was 1056. terina et al., 1997), which they named the vallinoid recep-3505–3517. heat was activating the VR1 directly or through other thermally sensitive molecules. This study also generated a host of other questions regarding the endogenous ligand for the VR1: its physiological function, which neu-rons express the VR1 protein, and whether there a...