Bellʼs theorem in physics, as well as causal discovery in machine learning, both face the problem of deciding whether observed data is compatible with a presumed causal relationship between the variables (for example, a local hidden variable model). Traditionally, Bell inequalities have been used to describe the restrictions imposed by causal structures on marginal distributions. However, some ...

Nonlocality in quantum mechanics does not follow from nonseparability, nor does classical stochastic independence imply physical independence. In this paper an explicit proof of a Bell inequality is recalled, and an analysis of the Aspect experiment in terms of noncontextual, but indefinite weights, or improper probabilities, is given.

In this talk presented at the TAU92 workshop, Colombus, OH, Sept. 92, we summarize results presented in more detail in a recent paper by S. Abel, M. Dittmar and the author where we gave a general proof that Bell's inequality can not be tested at a collider experiment. In particular, a measurement of correlated tau-spins at LEP does not constitute a test of local realistic theories via Bell's in...

Relevant aspects for testing Bell inequalities with entangled meson–antimeson systems are analyzed. In particular, we argue that the results of A. Go, J. Mod. Optics 51, 991 (2004), which nicely illustrate the quantum entanglement of B–meson pairs, cannot be considered as a Bell–test refuting local realism.

Despite recent high profile studies identifying counter-intuitive behaviors (e.g. obesity [3]) as being socially contagious, Shalizi and Thomas [12] have demonstrated that homophily on latent attributes is indistinguishable from influence. For sociologists to unequivocally identify influence effects in networks they must rule out the possibility of latent homophily as an explanation. This requi...

Hardy’s proof of “nonlocality without inequalities” [1] provides the simplest demonstration of Bell’s theorem [2] that there is no local realistic theory reproducing all predictions of quantum mechanics. Curiously, while the maximum violation of Bell inequalities occurs for maximally entangled states [3], Hardy’s proof does not go through for maximally entangled states. Recently, Wu, Xie, Huang...

The nonlocal property of quantum mechanics can be nicely tested in high energy physics; in particular, the neutral kaon pairs as produced at DAΦNE, Frascati, are very well suited. The analogies of kaons as compared to polarized photons or spin– 1 2 particles —the kaonic qubit feature— are reviewed. However, there are also fundamental differences which occur due to the kaon time evolution and du...

Alain Aspect’s three experiments on Bell’s theorem, published in the early 1980s, were a turning point history of research foundations quantum mechanics not only because they corroborated entanglement as distinctive signature but also these brought wider recognition to this field and Aspect himself. These may be considered most direct precursors information, which would blossom decade later. Jo...

Abstract We show that there is no non-constant assignment of zeros and ones to points a unit sphere in $$\mathbb{R}^3$$ R 3 such for every three pairwisely orthogonal vectors, an odd number them assigned 1. This new strengthening the Bell–Kochen–S...