In classical Arthur-Merlin games, the class of languages whose membership proofs can be verified by Arthur using logarithmic space (AM(log-space)) coincides with the class P [Con89]. In this note, we show that if Arthur has a fixed-size quantum register (the size of the register does not depend on the length of the input) instead of another source of random bits, membership in any language in N...

■ Abstract Reasoning processes allow the human cognitive system to go beyond the information readily available in the environment. This review focuses on the processes of human thinking, including deductive reasoning, induction, mental simulation, and analogy. We survey recent trends across several areas, including categorization, mental models, cognitive development, and decision making. Our c...

In the previous lesson, we looked into the example of an electrical network and showed that a simple local policy for an agent, in our case an electron, can lead to the optimization of a large distributed problem which is the minimization of energy loss in the network. In this lesson, we consider a road traffic model to demonstrate that choosing local policies is not trivial and how potential w...

Similarity is a focal idea in cognitive theory. It is used to help explain conceptual structure, transfer of learning, generalization, and other basic phenomena. Despite its importance no satisfactory process model for similarity has yet been proposed. Previous work has generally assumed that similarity requires a simple measurement of mental distance or a straightforward count of matching and ...

KAY [1930] showed that in certain bone diseases in man the plasma-phosphatase activity is considerably higher than normal. This served as an impetus for investigation into the activity of the enzyme in plasma and tissues under different conditions in man and experimental animals. The literature has been reviewed by Kay [1932] and by Robison [1932], and it is unnecessary to go into it in great d...

In this paper we propose a theory of Bertrand competition where firms form beliefs by considering only a subset of the available variables. This theory of coarse updating leads to equilibria where firms set prices according to constant mark-up strategies, which is consistent with the empirical evidence found in survey data. Moreover it leads to higher prices than the standard theory, which is i...

Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive...

Consider a Bertrand model in which each rm may be inactive with a known probability, so the number of active rms is uncertain. This simple model has a mixed-strategy equilibrium in which industry pro ts are positive and decline with the number of rms, the same features which make the Cournot model attractive. Unlike in a Cournot model with similar incomplete information, Bertrand pro ts always ...

This work extends some classical results of Bertrand curves to timelike ruled and developable surfaces using the E. Study map. provides support define two which are offset in sense Bertrand. It is proved that every surface has a if only an equation should be satisfied among their dual invariants. In addition, new theorems concerning developability offsets gained.

‎In The endoscopic classification of representations‎‎, ‎J‎. ‎Arthur has proved the Langlands' classification for discrete series of p-adic classical groups‎. ‎This uses endoscopy and twisted endoscopy‎. ‎In this very short note‎, ‎we remark that the normalization ‎$‎rm‎grave{a}‎$‎ la Langlands-Shahidi of the intertwining operators‎, ‎allows to avoid endoscopy‎. ‎This is based on the intertwini...