€ Biological warfare vaccinations have been implicated as a cause of the increased rate of reported symptoms in Gulf War veteran. Our study group examined a group of 180 personnel who were prepared for Gulf deployment but were never actually sent. Their vaccination records were checked, and only 5 of 180 had any preparatory vaccinations, of which only one was a biological warfare vaccine. This ...

The following paper examines a time-efficient method for detecting biological warfare agents (BWAs). The method is based on a system of a Love-wave immunosensor combined with a microfluidic chip which detects BWA samples in a dynamic mode. In this way a continuous flow-through of the sample is created, promoting the reaction between antigen and antibody and allowing a fast detection of the BWAs...

The words "chemical and biological weapons" (CBW) send a shiver down most spines these days. With the end of the Cold War, the possibility of a massive nuclear confrontation appears remote, so today many popular doomsday scenarios center on the aggressive use of chemical or biological warfare by rogue nations or terrorist groups. As exaggerated as some of the accounts are, with CBW cast as the ...

Probability and indeterminism have always been core philosophical themes. Biology provides an interesting case study to explore these themes. First, biology is teeming with probabilities, and so a crucial question in the foundations of biology is how to understand these probabilities. Second, philosophers want to know whether the processes investigated by one of the major sciences – biology – a...

It is a decade since the exposure of Project Coast, apartheid South Africa's covert chemical and biological warfare program. In that time, attention has been focused on several aspects of the program, particularly the production of narcotics and poisons for use against anti-apartheid activists and the proliferation of both chemical and biological weapons. The eugenic dimension of Project Coast ...

The development of new analytical tools as point-of-care biosensors is crucial to combat the spread of infectious diseases, especially in the context of drug-resistant organisms, or to detect biological warfare agents. Glycan/lectin interactions drive a wide range of recognition and signal transduction processes within nature and are often the first site of adhesion/recognition during infection...