Do no-take marine reserves affect fishery yields? Manipulations of reserve status, and yield estimates, were made at two Philippine islands over two decades. Twenty-five percent and ten percent, respectively, of the coral reefs at Sumilon and Apo islands were made no-take reserves in 1974 and 1982. Biomass of target fish increased inside the no-take reserves 3to 4.5-fold over 9–18 years. Biomas...

The amount of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) absorbed by a canopy (APAR) is an important driving variable for vegetation processes such as photosynthesis. PAR extinction in clumped canopies of shortgrass ecosystems is the focus of this paper. Directional gap fractions estimated at peak biomass on several Mexican shortgrass ecosystems with a hemispherical radiation sensor (Li-Cor, LAI...

The present study investigated the reasoning of high and low-delusion-prone individuals on probability estimation tasks using emotionally neutral and delusional narratives. Undergraduate students (N = 33) who were classified as high-delusion-prone or low-delusion-prone based on their scores on a widely used measure of delusion-proneness in reasoning research (the Peters et al. Delusions Invento...

In this paper a unified approach of lower bound functional area and cycle budget estimations is presented to predict area–delay characteristics of designs at system level. The estimations are mainly based on relaxing precedence constraints in a behavioral design description and are the most accurate estimations reported to date.

at the pre-test stage, one of the important stages in language testing, items of the test are given to some language learners who are at same level as the target test takers, and through the statistical analysis of their responses, the information such as item facility and item discrimination are gained. also, unreliable and problematic items are distinguished and amended. this research tries t...

The present article is concerned with studies on magnitude estimations that strived to uncover the underlying mental representation(s) of magnitudes. We point out a number of methodological differences and shortcomings that make it difficult drawing general conclusions. To solve this problem, we propose a taxonomy by which those studies could be classified, taking into account central methodolo...

Plankton metabarcoding is increasingly implemented in marine ecosystem assessments and more cost-efficient less time-consuming than monitoring based on microscopy (morphological). 18S rRNA gene the most widely used marker for groups’ species’ detection classification within eukaryotic microorganisms. These datasets have commonly relied acquisition of organismal abundances directly from number D...

Three experiments on loudness of sounds with linearly increasing levels were performed: global loudness was measured using direct ratings, loudness change was measured using direct and indirect estimations. Results revealed differences between direct and indirect estimations of loudness change, indicating that the underlying perceptual phenomena are not the same. The effect of ramp size is smal...

Abstract Understanding consistencies and discrepancies in characterizing diversity quantity of phytoplankton is essential for better modeling ecosystem change. In this study, eukaryotic the Pearl River Estuary, South China Sea were investigated using nuclear 18S rRNA plastid 16S or 23S genes pigment analysis. It was found that abundance poorly explained variations total chlorophyll a (Chl- ). H...