The effect of propranolol was studied on 23 dental phobics in a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial involving actual dental treatment. The subjects were selected because they showed high physiological reactivity in the dental situation. Twelve subjects received the test drug and 11 subjects received the placebo at individualized doses of either 80 or 120 mg. A significant difference...

Recent research suggests that outcome additivity pretraining modulates blocking in human causal learning. However, the existing evidence confounds outcome additivity and outcome maximality. Here the authors present evidence for the influence of presenting information about outcome maximality (Experiment 1) and outcome additivity (Experiment 2) on subsequent forward blocking. The results of Expe...

This paper presents two new approaches to remove blocking effect in low-bit rate transform coded images by using subband decomposition/reconstruction technique. They are designed to act as a supplementary post-processing step of the JPEG standard. Both approaches make use of the noise characteristic of each snbband to bound the maximum tolerable error and the smoothness of the restored images i...

A postprocessing algorithm is proposed to reduce the blocking artifacts of Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) decompressed images. The reconstructed images from JPEG compression produce noticeable image degradation near the block boundaries, in particular for highly compressed images, because each block is transformed and quantized independently. The blocking effects are classified into th...

Cholangiocarcinomas (CCs) are malignant tumors that originate from epithelial cells lining the biliary tree and gallbladder. Ras correlative C3 creotoxin substrate 1 (Rac1), a small guanosine triphosphatase, is a critical mediator of various aspects of endothelial cell functions. The objective of the present investigation was to study the effect of blocking Rac1 expression in CCs. Seventy-four ...

Current theories of classical conditioning assume that learning depends on the predictive relationship between events, not just on their temporal contiguity. Here we employ the classic experiment substantiating this reasoning-the blocking paradigm-in combination with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate whether human amygdala responses in aversive learning conform to thes...

The behavioral phenomenon of blocking indicates that the informational relationship between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus is essential in classical conditioning. The eyeblink conditioning paradigm is used to describe a neural mechanism that mediates blocking. Disrupting inhibition of the inferior olive, a structure that conveys unconditioned stimulus information (airpu...

A13 STRACT This paper presents a new adaptive objective function based on the regularized iterative block reduction technique for low-bit rate transform coded images. Also, a better initial estimate for the regularization approach is presented. Two types of prior knowledge are used: the first type bounds the maximum tolerable error (roughness), and the second type restricts the high-frequency c...

The communication blocking protocols of stopping or repeating a service in non-exponential queueing networks with blocking are shown to be equivalent under a partial balance condition. Examples both with a reversible and nonreversible routing are given.