When compact bone is subjected to bending loads, interstitial fluid in the bone matrix flows away from regions of high compressive stress. The amount of interstitial fluid flow is strongly influenced by the loading rate in a dose-dependent fashion. We hypothesize that interstitial fluid flow affects bone formation, and we tested this hypothesis indirectly by measuring the effect of different lo...

Introduction Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory rheumatic disorder with unclear pathogenesis. Bone formation is a hallmark feature of AS, precise mechanisms of which are unknown. The aim of this review was to summarize the current knowledge regarding both clinical significance and pathogenesis of bone formation in AS. Materials and methods Articles, published in the medical l...

Background and Purpose—Bone formation and dystrophic calcification are present in carotid endarterectomy plaques. The clinical significance of these findings is unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine whether bone formation and extensive dystrophic calcification are associated with stable plaques and protective against ischemic vascular events. Methods—Carotid endarterectomy plaques...

Although inhibitors of bone resorption concomitantly reduce bone formation because of the coupling between osteoclasts and osteoblasts, inhibition or deletion of cathepsin k (CatK) stimulates bone formation despite decreasing resorption. The molecular mechanisms responsible for this increase in bone formation, particularly at periosteal surfaces where osteoclasts are relatively poor, remain unc...

Toughening in hierarchically structured materials like bone arises from the arrangement of constituent material elements and their interactions. Unlike microcracking, which entails micrometer-level separation, there is no known evidence of fracture at the level of bone's nanostructure. Here, we show that the initiation of fracture occurs in bone at the nanometer scale by dilatational bands. Thr...

Mechanical stimuli are required for the maintenance of skeletal integrity and bone mass. An increasing amount of evidence indicates that multiple regulators (e.g., hormone, cytoskeleton proteins and signaling pathways) are involved in the mechanical stimuli modulating the activities of osteogenic cells and the process of bone formation. Significantly, recent studies have showed that several mic...

Bone formation in vertebrates depends on the proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes and osteoblasts, which are derived from a mesenchymal precursor cells and are required for skeletal development. This process relies on many transcription factor genes that have functions in bone cell proliferation and differentiation. Over the years, various transcription factors that play essential ...